human development Flashcards
Who came up with attachment theory
John Bowlby
what is the summary of attachment theory
children with good attachments tend to have increased svurvival
how does attachment differ from bonding?
Bonding refers to mothers feelings
attachment focuses on the subject - aka the child
what does attachment theory do for a person in their life?
Internal working model consist of how the child interprets and responds to the caregiver’s behavior.
this then influenced their emotions, relationships later in life
and self-image
what is montropy
bias to one caregiver i.e mother
in the first stage
0-3 months
when does a child in attachmen theory start to develop stranger anxiety
at around 8 months
will notice strangers are not mother and cry and get anxiety
when does stranger anxiety in attachment diminish ?
3 year old
what is said about childhood attachment in one’s life?
tends to be stable throughout ones lifetime
Which is the critical period for attachment?
6 months to 36 months
What are the subtypes of attachment stages
pre-attachment
attachment in making
clear cut attachment
formation of reciprocal
what the the ages for eahc stage
pre-attachment
attachment in making
clear cut attachment
formation of reciprocal
pre-attachment 0-6 weeks
attachment in making 6weeks to 6/8months
clear cut attachment 8months -12/24 months
formation of reciprocal 18m to 2years
what happens in each stage for attachment ?
pre-attachment orientated to mother
attachment in making -can attach to more than 1 person now
clear cut attachment cries when separated has favourites
formation of reciprocal - separation anxiety may lessen, less clingy, but show some protest behaviour like sulking
what did harlow monkey theory proof?
that closeness is more important than food
what was used in harlow monkey
cloth no feed
wired monkey with food
babies preferred cloth with no food
how does attachment differ to mary ansiworth?
considered to be the second founder of the field of attachment – furthered the development of Bowlby’s theory
by stranger situation
what ages does mary ainsworth stages occur?
around 12 months to 18 months
What does the stranger situation reveal
A childs interaction with a stranger and primary carergiver when they leave and return
How can stranger situation be classified?
secure
anxious resistant/preoccupied
anxious avoidant
How does a child behave in each situation when the parent leaves?
secure -cries
anxious resistant/preoccupied -cries
anxious avoidant - continues to play /no distress
how does the child behave with a stranger?
secure - avoids when alone but if mum present will be OK
anxious resistant/preoccupied avoids and is fearful
anxious avoidant - no fear
how does the child behave when mum returns?
secure -happy
anxious resistant/preoccupied - approaches mother but might push away
anxious avoidant -indifferent
what percentage of people are secure?
70%
what percentage are of the other two types of attachment types
15% for both
how do the different attachment styles form in relation to caregivers
secure - consistent and carers
anxious resistant/preoccupied - inconsistent
anxious avoidant - unresponsive
the latter two lead to preoccupied or dismissive attachment
who disocvered the concept of intelligence and how
alfred binet 1905
a series of test ranked by age
what is intelligence defined by
mental age and IQ
What is the IQ
mental age/ chronological age x 100
Fact about IQ in life
stays stable in life
what was the first IQ test and which is the most common
1st - stanford binet
most common wechsler adult intelligence scale
what does RPM stand for and what is it
ravens progreesive matrices
it includes non verbal and patterns
progressively gets harder and needed cognitive capacity
what are the stanford tests
6-80 lower,
60 questions, 5 set black pattern on white
what are coloured progened lower ability
<6 or those with specialist groups like LD
what did kohlberg develop?
the concept of moral development
it is split into 3 stages and 6 substages
who did kohlberg perform this study on?
72 american boys
was said to be sexist and also westernised as focused only on one community so considered flawed
which age group were the boys in kohlberg study?
10 -16 year old
who does heinz dilemma refer to which theory
kohlberg
what are the three stages of kohlberg?
pre-coventional
conventional
post conventional
how can preconventional be divided?
into two stages between 0-9
the first being avoiding punishment (consequence)
the second being self interest - aiming at reward - self interest
what is conventional divided into?
good boy good girl - what is said to be good pleasing others - interpersonal conformity
what stage does conventional stage occur
9-20
how is this conventional stage identified
how they appear to others i.e. what would others say
consensus view/comformity
what is the 4th substage
law and order
what is dictated by social order and rules authority
what is the third section divided into for kohlberg stages?
post-conventional
> 20 year age - few people achieve this
- justice and spirit of the law
universial principle of ethics
includes individuals rights
abstract reasoning
what is lesch nyhan syndrome
extremely rare metabolic disorder that occurs before birth
recessive condition
most common in men
overproduction and acccumulation of uric acid
why does lesch nyhan syndrome happen?
result of mutate in HPRT1 gene
leading to deficiency of the enzyme
hypoxanthineguaninephosphoribosytransgiase HGPRT
what happens in lesch nyhan syndrome?
without the enzyme , uric acid build up as it cannot be recycled
what is HGPRT for?
the enzyme responsible for recyclying purine hypoxhatine and guanine
what is seen in patients for lesch nyhan ?
dystonia
hypotonia
gouty arthritis
subcuteous trophi
hyperuricemia
corticospinal signs
asissted sitting
need a wheelchair
cannot walk
behaviour such as head banging and hitting
IQ of 60-70
difficult in attention
what is preserved in lesch nyhan?
language and awareness
what is Ontogenetic parade
term for predictable childhood fears at certain ages
described by Isaac marks
what fears are there by ontogenetic parade?
8-12 month -separation anxiety
alone/dark/animals 3/4 presocial age
body injury, failure, criticisn, illness 4-12 year school age
death/poltiics /economics -teens
what is normalisation?
in learning disability
the principle of making life experiences as normal as possible and move away from institutionalised care
how many types of parenting styles are there?
4
who discovered the parenting styles
diana baumrind in 1960
psychologist
in over 100 preschool age children
she identified 3
who added a fourth parenting tyle
maccoby martin in 1983
what are the name of the four parenting styles
authoritative
authoritarian
permissive
uninvolved
what is the difference between authoritative
authoritarian
authoritarian -strict parenting , does not communicate with child well about why no explanation based on obedience
authoriative - similar as above but gives explanations
what about permissive
uninvolved what’s difference
permissive- let children dominate, act like a friend, avoid confrontation, dont allow children to regulate
uninvolved - few demands, little to no involvement
what is the basis of oedipaus complex ?
child is jealous of same sex parent
what are the 5 steps of freud ?
freud psychosexual development
oral
anal
phallic
latency
genital
which ages do the freud steps occur
oral 0-1
anal 1-3
phallic 3-5
latency 5-12
genital 12+
in which step of freud does the oedipadus complex occur?
phallic
stage of envy
what is the erikson psychological development
how many stages
which year
adult development
1959
8 stage
what happens at 0-1/18 months
hope
trust/ mistrust rely on others
what happens at 1-3 years of age
autonomy /shame
will
security in one self
erikson stage 3-5 years
purppose
imitate n action
initative/guilt
what happens at 5-12 years old erikson
competence
ability to achieve
industry vs inferiority
**
what happens between 12 and 19 years old
fidelty
true to one self.ability to live by society standards
identify vs role confusion
eirkson what happens at 19-3 5
intimacy vs isolation
relationshjps
love
what happens erikson at age 35-65
stgnation
care
feel unproduvie
giving back to society/raising kids
generality stagnation
what happens at 65 plus
erikson
wdison
integrity and despair
slow down
contemplate achievements
what happens with erikson
failure to overcome a stage
loss of sense of self
ego develops as it resolves
