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AnP I > Neuroscience II > Flashcards

Neuroscience II Flashcards

1
Q

What are Neurons?

A

Basic functional units of the NS

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2
Q

What is the function of the Neuron?

A

Processes and trasmits info (electrical and chemical)

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3
Q

How is the Structure of a Neuron?

A
  1. Cell Body: contains organelles essential for survival
  2. Short, highly branched dendrites: receive info from other neurons
  3. Long, single axon: carries electric signal to target
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4
Q

What is a Bipolar Neuron?

A

Has 2 processes separated by a cell body in the middle

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5
Q

What is Unipolar Neuron?

A

Has 1 single elongated process with the cell body to the side

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6
Q

What is a Multipolar Neuron?

A

Has more than 2 processes; a single axon and multiple dendrites

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7
Q

What are Neuroglia?

A

Supporting neuronal function

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8
Q

How many % of the total cell population in the NS are Neuroglia?

A

~50%

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9
Q

What are the types of Neuroglia and their functions?

A
  1. Astrocytes: regulate chemical content of the ESF
  2. Myelinating Glia (Oligodendrocytes, Schwann Cells): Myelination of Neurons
  3. Microglia: phagocytic role
  4. Ependymal Cells: production of CSF
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10
Q

What type of tissues are Nerves and Muscle Cells?

A

Excitable tissue (Produce electric signals when excited)

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11
Q

Why are Electric Signals important for NS and MSK?

A

(NS) Receive, process, initiate and trasmit messages

(MSK) Initiate contraction

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12
Q

What happens to the membrane potential during depolarisation and hyperpolarisation?

A

(Depolarisation) Less -ve

(Hyperpolarisation) More -ve

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13
Q

What are the terms of Polarisation?

A

Polarisation: MP ≠ 0mV
Depolarisation: MP becomes less polarised than Resting Potential
Repolarisation: MP returns to RP
Hyperpolarisation: MP becomes more polarised than RP

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14
Q

How are Electric Signals produced?

A

By changes in ion movement

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15
Q

What is a triggering event?

A

An event that triggers a change in membrane potential, altering membrane permeability and thus, ion flow across membrane

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16
Q

What types of Membrane Channels are there?

A
  1. Leaky Channels

2. Gated Channels

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17
Q

What are the types of Gated Channels?

A
  1. Voltage gated
  2. Chemically gated
  3. Mechanically gated
  4. Thermally gated
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18
Q

What are Graded Potentials (GP)?

A

Local changes in MP occurring in varying grades

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19
Q

How are GPs spread?

A

By passive current flow BUT they die out over short distances

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20
Q

What is an Action Potential (AP)?

A

Brief, rapid, large changes in MP (100mV) when the inside of an excitable cell transiently becomes more than the outside

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21
Q

What leads to an AP?

A

Marked changes in membrane permeability and ion movement

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22
Q

What are the channels involved in AP?

A

Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels

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23
Q

Which channel has an inactivation gate?

A

Na+ channel

24
Q

Describe how an AP is generated.

A
  1. RP (-70mV): all channels closed
  2. Threshold: Na+ channel OPEN
  3. Excessive Depolarisation (+30mV): Na+ enters ICF (Rising phase of AP)
  4. Peak of AP: Na+ channel INACTIVATED, K+ channel OPEN
  5. Repolarisation (-70mV): K+ leaves ICF (Falling phase of AP)
  6. Na+ channel resets to ‘closed but capable of opening’ state, ready to respond to triggering event
  7. Hyperpolarisation (-90mV): Further outward movement of K+ out of ICF
  8. K+ channel closes and MP = 70mV
25
Q

What does the Na+-K+ pump do?

A

Gradually restore [ ] gradients disrupted by AP

26
Q

From where to where are APs propagated?

A

From axon hillock to axon terminals

27
Q

What are the different zones in the Neuron?

A
  1. Input zone
  2. Trigger zone
  3. Conducting zone
  4. Output zone
28
Q

Where is and what is the function of the Input zone?

A

Dendrites; Receive incoming signals from other neurons

29
Q

Where is and what is the function of the Trigger zone?

A

Axon hillock; Initiates AP

30
Q

Where is and what is the function of the Conducting zone?

A

Axon; Conducts AP in undiminishing fashion, often over long distances

31
Q

Where is and what is the function of the Output zone?

A

Axon terminals; Releases neurotransmitter that influences other cells

32
Q

How long is a typical Axon?

A

1mm to more than 1m long

33
Q

What is a Refractory Period?

A

AP cannot be initiated in a region that has just undergone an AP due to inactivation of Na+ channels

34
Q

What is the purpose of a Refractory Period?

A

Ensures one-way propagation of AP and limits frequency

35
Q

In what fashion does AP occur?

A

“All-or-none” fashion due to discrimination of stimuli

36
Q

How is the strength of a stimulus coded?

A

By the frequency of AP (magnitude of each AP same)

37
Q

How does Myelination influence the AP?

A

Increases the speed of conduction of AP

38
Q

What does the fiber diameter influence?

A

Velocity of AP propagation

39
Q

What is Myelin?

A

Thick layer of lipids

40
Q

What is the function of Myelin?

A

Acts as an insulation to “electrical transmission” along the axon

41
Q

What is Contiguous conduction?

A

Local current flow that depolarises adjacent inactive area from RP to Threshold Potential (TP)

42
Q

What is Saltatory conduction?

A

Local current flow that depolarises adjacent inactive node from RP to TP

43
Q

What is a Synapse?

A

Junction between Neurons

44
Q

What are the types of Synapses?

A
  1. Electrical synapses: neurons connected directly by gap junctions
  2. Chemical synapses: chemical messenger transmits info one way across a space separating the 2 neurons
45
Q

How is the Anatomy of a Chemical Synapse?

A
  1. Presynaptic Terminal
  2. Synaptic Cleft
  3. Postsynaptic Terminal
46
Q

How does Synaptic Transmission?

A
  1. Depolarisation due to incoming AP from axon
  2. Influx of Ca2+ due to opening of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
  3. Docking: Vesicles with neurotransmitter dock at protein
  4. Release of neurotransmitter
  5. Binding of neurotransmitter to receptor
47
Q

What does the neurotransmitter do?

A

Carries the signal across a synapse

48
Q

What are the different types of synapses based on its effects?

A
  1. Excitatory: Generation of EPSP

2. Inhibitory: Generation of IPSP

49
Q

What can modify synaptic transmission?

A

Drugs and diseases

50
Q

What are the types of pathways are neurons linked by?

A
  1. Convergence: Given neuron has many other neurons synapsing on it
  2. Divergence: Branching axon terminals so a single cell synapses and influences other cells
51
Q

What are some examples of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Acetylcholine
  2. Dopamine
  3. Glutamate
  4. Gamma-aminobutaryic acid (GABA)
52
Q

What is the effect of Acetylcholine?

A

(PNS) Neuromuscular junctions, parasympathetic nerves

(CNS) Muscarinic and Ionotropic

53
Q

What is the effect of Dopamine?

A

Many pathways in CNS

54
Q

What is the effect of Glutamate?

A

EPSP in CNS

55
Q

What is the effect of GABA?

A

IPSP in CNS

AnP I (9 decks)

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