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AnP I > Integumentary System I > Flashcards

Integumentary System I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest system of the body?

A

The integumentary system

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2
Q

How much of our body weight is comprised of skin?

A

16%

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3
Q

How thick is our skin?

A

0.5-4mm thick

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4
Q

How large is the surface area of our skin?

A

2m^2

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5
Q

What is the integumentary system divided into?

A
  1. Cutaneous Membrane (skin)

2. Accessory structures

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6
Q

What is the integumentary system connected to?

A
  1. CVS

2. NVS

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7
Q

What are the functions of skin?

A
  • physical protection from environmental hazards
  • storage of lipids
  • thermoregulation
  • excretion
  • sensory info
  • production of melanin & keratin
  • synthesis of vit D
  • coordination of immune response
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8
Q

What does the cutaneous membrane comprise of?

A
  1. Outer Epidermis (Superficial Epithelium)

2. Inner Dermis

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9
Q

What do accessory structures comprise of?

A
  1. Hair Follicles
  2. Exocrine Glands
  3. Nails
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10
Q

Is there an additional layer beneath the cutaneous membrane?

A

Yes, it is the Superficial Fascia called the Hypodermis (Subcutaneous Layer)

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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of the Hypodermis?

A

It is the location for hypodermic injections as the hypodermis has blood vessels

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12
Q

What is the Hypodermis made up of?

A

LOOSE connective tissue

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13
Q

What is the function of the Epidermis?

A
  • Protects dermis
  • Prevents water loss & entry of pathogens
  • Synthesises Vit D
  • Contain Sensory Receptors
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14
Q

What is the function of the Dermis?

A
  • (Papillary) Nourishes & supports epidermis
  • (Reticular) Thermoregulation via Blood Vessels
  • (Reticular) Contain Sensory Receptors which detect vibration additionally
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15
Q

What is the Epidermis made up of?

A

Epithelial Tissues

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16
Q

What is the Dermis made up of?

A

Connective Tissues

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17
Q

Where do accessory structures originate?

A

Dermis

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18
Q

Why is the Epidermis a Stratified Squamous Epithelium?

A

Helps diffuse nutrients and oxygen from the capillaries in the dermis

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19
Q

What are the cells of the Epidermis?

A

Keratinocytes are the most abundant

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20
Q

What is Thin Skin?

A

It covers MOST of the body and contains 4 layers of keratinocytes (x Stratum Lucidum)

21
Q

What is Thick Skin?

A

It covers the palms of then hands and the soles of the feet and contains 5 layers of keratinocytes

22
Q

What are the strata of Thick Skin?

A
  1. Stratum Corneum
  2. Stratum Lucidum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum Basale
23
Q

How is the Stratum Basale attached to the basement membrane?

A

By hemidesmosomes

24
Q

What are the functions of the Stratum Basale?

A
  1. Forms strong bond between epidermis & dermis

2. Contains Epidermal Ridges (Fingerprints)

25
Q

Where is the Stratum Basale?

A

Next to Dermal Papillae in Dermis

26
Q

What are the cells of the Stratum Basale?

A
  1. Basal cells (germinative cells)
27
Q

What are the functions of the Dermal Papillae?

A
  1. Strengthen attachment between Epidermis & Dermis

2. Increase area of Basement Membrane

28
Q

What are the Specialised Cells of the Stratum Basale?

A
  1. Tactile Cells (Merkel Cells) - with sensory nerve endings, respond to touch, found in hairless skins
  2. Melanocytes which contain the pigment melanin
29
Q

What is the Stratum Spinosum produced by?

A

Division of the Stratum Basale

30
Q

How many layers of keratinocytes bound by desmosomes are there in the Stratum Spinosum?

A

8-10

31
Q

Why is the Stratum Spinosum called the ‘spiny layer’?

A

Cells appear spiny

32
Q

What cells make up the Stratum Spinosum?

A

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells that are active in immune response

33
Q

What is characteristic of the cells in the Stratum Spinosum?

A

They continue dividing to increase the thickness of the epithelium

34
Q

How many layers of keratinocytes are there in the Stratum Granulosum?

A

3-5

35
Q

What is characteristic of the cells in the Stratum Granulosum?

A

Most cells stop dividing and produce Keratin (tough fibrous protein that makes up hair and nails) and Keratohyalin (dense granules that cross-link keratin). They die upon producing the proteins.

36
Q

Where is the Stratum Lucidum only found?

A

In thick skin

37
Q

What is the function of the Stratum Lucidum?

A

Covers the Stratum Granulosum

38
Q

What is the Stratum Corneum?

A

Exposed surface of skin that is water resistant

39
Q

How many layers of keratinocytes are there in the Stratum Corneum?

A

15-30

40
Q

How long does it take for new cells to move from the Basal layer to the Horn layer?

A

7-10 days

41
Q

When do exposed cells shed?

A

After 2 weeks

42
Q

What is Keratinisation?

A

Formation of a layer of dead, protective cells filled with keratin (formation of many tough, waterproof layers)

43
Q

Where does Keratinisation occur?

A

On all exposed skin surfaces except the eye

44
Q

What is Acne?

A

Disorder in the keratinisation of the skin that leads to the presence of comedones (blackheads & whiteheads)

45
Q

How is water lost from the skin?

A
  1. Insensible perspiration (Diffusion of water across the Stratum Corneum before it evaporates from the skin)
  2. Sensible perspiration (Water excreted by sweat glands in hot environment or during exercise)
46
Q

What is Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)?

A

Powerful peptide growth factor used in labs for growth of skin grafts

47
Q

How is EGF produced?

A

By glands (salivary & duodenum)

48
Q

What are the functions of EGF?

A
  • Promote division of germinative cells
  • Accelerate keratin production
  • Stimulate epidermal repair
  • Stimulate glandular secretion

AnP I (9 decks)

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