MSK System Flashcards
What are the 4 Segments of the Upper Limb?
- Shoulder
- Arm
- Forearm
- Hand
Which bones in the Upper Limb are not long bones?
Scapula and carpal bones
What is the function of the Clavicle?
Transmits part of the weight of UL to axial skeleton
What are the 2 ends of the Clavicle?
- Lateral/Acronial end (flattened)
2. Medial/Sternal end (enlarged)
On which surface is there a subclavian groove on the clavicle?
Inferior
Where is fracture common in the Clavicle?
Middle 1/3 of the shaft
What is visible on the Anterior surface of the Scapula?
- Subscapular Fossa
- Coracoid Process
- Glenoid Cavity
- Acromion
What is visible on the Posterior surface of the Scapula?
- Spine
- Infraspinous Fossa
- Supraspinous Fossa
What is visible on the Anterior surface of the Humerus?
- Greater Tubercle
- Lower Tubercle
- Inter-tubercular Groove
- Capitulum
- Radial Fossa
- Coronoid Fossa
What is visible on the Anterior surface of the Humerus?
- Radial Groove
2. Olecranon Fossa
Where does fracture often occur in the Humerus?
Surgical Neck
What is the Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus for?
Flexors and Ulnar Nerve
What is the Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus for?
Extensors and Anconeus
Which bone is located on the medial aspect of the forearm?
Ulna
Which bone is located on the lateral aspect of the forearm?
Radius
What are the main features of the Ulna?
- Olecranon
- Coronoid Process
- Trochlear Notch
- Radial Notch
- Tuberosity of Ulna
- Ulnar Styloid Process
What are the main features of the Radius?
- Head
- Neck
- Radial Tuberosity
- Oblique Line
- Radial Styloid Process
What are the Carpal bones?
(1st Row: L to M)
Scaphoid, Lunate
(2nd Row: L to M)
Trapezium, Trapezoid, Capitate, Hamate, Triquetral, Pisiform (on top)
How are the Phalanges numbered?
L to M: 1 to 5
Where do the main nerves of the UL arise from?
Brachial Plexus
What are the main nerves of the UL?
- Axillary Nerve
- Radial Nerve
- Musculocutaneous Nerve
- Ulnar Nerve
- Median Nerve
What 3 Nerves form an M shape?
(L to M) Musculocutaneous, Median, Ulnar
How is the Brachial Plexus organised?
Roots > Trunks > Divisions > Cords > Terminal Branches (Peripheral Nerves)
What are the Anterior Nerves and what muscles do they supply?
- Musculocutaneous (Arm)
- Median (Forearm + Hand)
- Ulnar (Forearm + Hand)
What are the Posterior Nerves and what muscles do they supply?
- Axillary (Arm)
2. Radial (UL Post.)
What are Joints?
Unions between 2/+ bones or rigid parts of the skeleton
What are the types of Joints?
- Synovial Joints (Freely move, covered by capsule)
- Fibrous Joints (Less mobile, connected by fibrous tissue)
- Cartilaginous Joints (United by cartilages)
What are the 2 types of Cartilaginous Joints?
- Primary: x movement
2. Secondary: less movement
What are the Components of a Synovial Joint?
- Bones
- Articular Cartilage
- Synovial Cavity
- Synovial Fluid
- Synovial Membrane
- Capsule (collagen)
What are Ligaments?
Supporting structures for synovial joints
The absence of which component of the synovial joint increases the risk of arthritis?
Articular Cartilage
What are the Joints of the UL?
- Sternoclavicular
- Acromioclavicular
- Glenohumeral
- Humeroulnar and Humeroradial
- Radiocarpal (Scaphoid, Lunate, Triquetrum)
- Carpometarpal
- Metacarpophalangeal
- Interphalangeal (Distal and Proximal)
How is the distribution of Blood Supply for the UL?
- Subclavian: Neck
- Axillary: Armpit
- Brachial: Arm
- Radial: Forearm
- Ulnar: Forearm
- Deep and superficial palmar Arches
What are the Superficial Veins of the UL?
- Cephalic: Arm and forearm
- Basilic: Arm and forearm
- Median Cubital: Elbow
- Superficial Palmar Arch: Hand
- Digital: Phalanges
What are the Deep Veins of the UL?
- Subclavian: Neck
- Axillary: Axilla
- Brachial: Arm-elbow
- Ulnar: Forearm
- Radial: Forearm
- Deep Palmar Venous Arch
What are Lymphatics?
Lymph vessels that carry interstitial fluid called lymph
What is the function of the Lymphatic System?
- Provides alternative route for lymph to return to the venous system
- Plays a role in defence mechanism
What are the Bones of the LL?
- Hip
- Femur
- Patella
- Tibia
- Fibula
- Tarsal
- Metatarsal
- Phalanges
What are the 3 segments of the Hip bone?
- Ischium
- Ilium
- Pubis
What is the segment of the Hip Bone where the 3 segments meet?
Acetabulum
What is visible in the Lateral View of the Hip bone?
- Ant, Post and Inf Gluteal Lines
2. Acetabulum
What is visible in the Medial View of the Hip Bone?
- Iliac Tuberosity
- Arcuate Line
- Pectinate Line
- Iliac Fossa
Where is the Adductor Tubercle of the Femur located?
Above Medial Epicondyle (ME) of Femur
What is visible in the Anterior View of the Femur?
- Inter-trochanteric Line
2. Patellar Surface
What is visible in the Posterior View of the Femur?
- Inter-trochanteric Crest
- Gluteal tuberosity
- Pectineal Line
- Linea Aspera
- Lateral and Medial Supracondylar Ridge
- Popliteal Surface
- Intercondylar Fossa
Where is the Fovea Capitis located?
Head of Femur
Which bone is located in the Medial Aspect of the Leg?
Tibia
Which bone is located in the Lateral aspect of the leg?
Fibula
What is visible in the Anterior View of the Tibia?
- Tibial Tuberosity
- Anterior Margin
- Medial Malleolus
What is visible in the Posterior View of the Femur?
- Intercondylar Eminence
- Articular surfaces for Tibial Condyles
- Soleal Line
What are the Main Features of the Fibula?
- Lateral Malleolus
2. Head
What are the Tarsal bones?
(1st Row: L to M)
Calcaneus, Talus
(2nd Row: L to M)
Cuboid, Navicular, Lateral to Medial Cuneiforms
Which Metatarsal does the Hallux have?
Metatarsal I
What are the Joints of the LL?
- Hip Joint
- Knee Joint
- Ankle Joint
- Subtalar Joint
How is the Distribution of Blood Supply for the LL?
Common Illiac -> Ext Iliac and Int Iliac
Int Iliac > Obturator while Ext Iliac > Femoral aft the Inguinal Ligament (supplies thigh muscles)
Femoral > Circumflex Femoral and Profunda Femoris
Femoral runs down Medial and Post side of thigh through Adductor Hiatus before becoming Popliteal at popliteal Fossa
Popliteal > Ant Tibial and Post Tibial
Post Tibial > Fibular while Ant Tibial > Dorsalis Pedis
How is the Venous Drainage distributed in the LL?
Femoral > Profunda Femoris (drains muscle at Lat compt; deep)
Great Saphenous (M)
Femoral > Popliteal > Ant Tibial and Post Tibial
Post Tibial > Fibular (both plantar veins)
Ant Tibial > Small Saphenous (Post)
Small and Great Saphenous > Dorsal Venous Arch
How is the Nerve Distribution for the LL?
Ant Hip: Femoral, Saphenous, Obturator
Post Hip: Sciatic, Pudendal (exits Greater Sciatic Foramen and enters Lesser Sciatic Foramen), Inf and Sup Gluteal Nerve
Knee: Tibial (Post Leg) and Common Fibular (Lateral with Biceps Femoris)
Ant Leg: Saphenous (M), Deep Fibular (A), Superficial Fibular (L)
Post Leg: Sural (Lat Malleolus), Tibial
From where do the major nerves of the LL originate from?
Lumbar and Sacral Plexuses
What is Flexion?
Bending or Decreasing the angle between bones and parts of body
What is Extension?
Straightening or Increasing the angle between bones and parts of body (Natural State)
What is Abduction?
Moving away from Median Plane
What is Adduction?
Moving towards Median Plane
What is Circumduction?
A circular movement involving sequential flexion, abduction, extension, adduction
What is Medial (Internal) Rotation?
Turning a part of the body around its longitudinal axis bringing the Anterior surface of a limb closer to the Median Plane
What is Lateral (External) Rotation?
Turning a part of the body around its longitudinal axis bringing the Anterior surface of a limb away from the Median Plane
What is Pronation?
Rotation of the Radius Medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly and the dorsum faces anteriorly
What is Supination?
Rotation of the Radius Laterally, uncrossing it from the Ulna
What is Inversion?
Turning of Bottom of Foot towards Median Plane
What is Eversion?
Turning of Bottom of Foot towards Median Plane
What is Dorsiflexion?
Movement of Anterior part of Foot towards Lower leg
What is Plantarflexion?
Movement of Anterior part of Foot away from Lower leg
