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AnP I > Muscle Physio I > Flashcards

Muscle Physio I Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Types of Muscles?

A
  1. Skeletal Muscles
  2. Cardiac Muscles
  3. Smooth Muscles
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2
Q

Describe the Skeletal Muscle.

A

Striated, voluntary, multinucleate cells that are attached to the bones of the skeleton.
They help in movement of body in relation to the external environment.

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3
Q

Describe the Cardiac Muscle.

A

Striated, involuntary cells connected by intercalated discs located in the wall of the heart.
They help in pumping out of the blood from the heart.

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4
Q

What type of contraction is experienced by the Cardiac Muscle?

A

Coordinated Contraction

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5
Q

Describe the Smooth Muscle.

A

Unstriated, involuntary cells that are locates in the walls of hollow organs and tubes.
They help in the movement of the contents of these hollow tubes.

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6
Q

What are the functions of the Skeletal Muscle?

A
  • Movement
  • Posture and Body Position
  • Joints
  • Heat
  • Protection of Internal Organs
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7
Q

How is the organisation of Skeletal Muscle fibers?

A

Parallel arrangement; Bundled by connective tissue (fascia)

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8
Q

What are Muscle Fibers composed of?

A

Myofibrils (Regular arrangement of Thick and Thin Filaments)

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9
Q

What is the A band?

A

Overlap of thick and thin filaments

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10
Q

What is the I band?

A

Remaining portion of thin filaments that dont overlap

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11
Q

Where do Cross-Bridges project from?

A

Each thick filament in six directions toward the surrounding thin filaments

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12
Q

Where is the Sarcomere located?

A

Between Z lines

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13
Q

Describe the Structure of the Thick Filament.

A

Composition: Myosin protein (2 intertwined golf club units)
Heads of Myosin form a bridge
Has an Actin-binding Site and ATP-ase site

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14
Q

Describe the Structure of the Thin Filament.

A

Main Structural Component: Actin
Interacts with myosin cross-bridges
Tropomyosin (block Actin-binding site on Myosin) and Troponin (changes structure of Tropomyosin) lie across surface of Actin

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15
Q

What regulates Actin-Myosin binding?

A

Ca2+ (binds with troponin)

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16
Q

What does the Stroking Motion do?

A

Pull Thin Filament towards centre of sarcomere

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17
Q

What are the stages of the Power Stroke?

A
  1. Binding: Myosin to Actin
  2. Power Stroke: Cross-bridge bends
  3. Detachment: Cross-bridge detaches
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18
Q

What shortens the muscle?

A

Repeated Cross-Bridge Binding and Power Stroke

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19
Q

What is the Sliding Filament mechanism?

A

Thin filaments from opposite sides of each sarcomere sliding closer together between thick filaments

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20
Q

What changes does the Sarcomere undergo during Contraction?

A

H zone and I band becomes shorter; Sarcomere shortens; A band remains the same

21
Q

What controls muscle contraction?

A

Ca2+

22
Q

What controls Ca2+ levels?

A

Motor Neurons (Acetylcholine)

23
Q

What can 1 motor neuron control?

A

A small group of muscle fibers

24
Q

How does the AP spread?

A

Down T tubule (close to SR and attached to cell membrane)

25
Q

Where is Ca2+ stored?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum (SR)

26
Q

What does the T tubules contain?

A

Dihydropyridine receptors (voltage-gated Ca2+ channels)

27
Q

What does SR contain?

A

Ryanodine receptor (Ca2+ releasing channels)

28
Q

How is Ca2+ released?

A

From SR via RR

29
Q

What are the steps in Excitation-contraction coupling?

A
  1. AP propagated along sarcolemma down T tubule

2. Ca2+ released

30
Q

Why does the Contraction outlast the AP?

A

Ca2+ reuptake requires time

31
Q

Describe the process of the ATP-powered cross-bridge cycling.

A
  1. Energized: splitting of ATP for energy
    2a. Resting: No Ca2+ released
    2b. Binding: Ca2+ released
  2. Bending: Power stroke (P and ADP released)
    4a. Detachment: Linkage broken, ATP hydrolysed
    4b. Rigor complex: No fresh ATP avail
32
Q

What are the 4 steps in Excitation, Contraction and Relaxation?

A
  1. Splitting of ATP by Myosin ATPase provides energy for power stroke
  2. Binding of ATP to Myosing breaks cross-bridges
  3. Active Transport of Ca2+ back into SR during Relaxation
  4. Activity of Na+-K+ pump during AP production
33
Q

What are the different pathways of ATP production by muscle fibers?

A
  1. Creatine Phosphate
  2. Glycolysis
  3. Oxidative Phosphorylation
34
Q

Describe the Creatine Phosphate pathway.

A

Fast; Only 1 enzyme required (Creatine Kinase); Phosphate and ADP produced; Supports short burst of hi intensity contraction

35
Q

Describe the Glycolytic pathway.

A

X O2; 2 ATP and 2 Pyruvic Acid produced; Supports anaerobic hi intensity exercise

36
Q

Describe the Oxidative Phosphorylative pathway.

A

O2 and Mitochondria needed; 36/32 ATP produced; Supports aerobic or endurance exercise

37
Q

How is the Energy Usage during Short-duration Exercise?

A

6s: Stored ATP used first
10s: Creatine Phosphate pathway
30-40s: Glycogen is broken down and oxidised

38
Q

How is the Energy Usage during Long-duration Exercise?

A

Hours: Breakdown of several nutrient energy fuels by aerobic pathway (Uses O2 released from myoglobin or hemoglobin); O2 deficit

39
Q

What are the 2 types of Fatigue?

A
  1. Muscle Fatigue: Exercising muscle no longer respond to stimulation with same degree of contractile of activity
  2. Central Fatigue: CNS no longer activates motor neurons
40
Q

What are the possible factors contributing to Muscle Fatigue?

A
  • Leakage of Ca2+
  • Local increase of Phosphate
  • Depletion of Glycogen
41
Q

What is necessary to recover from exercise?

A

Increased O2 consumption

42
Q

What are the Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers?

A
  1. Type I: Slow-Oxidative
  2. Type IIa: Fast-Oxidative
  3. Type IIx: Fast-Glycolytic
43
Q

What is the difference between Fast and Slow fibers?

A

Fast > Slow

  • Higher myosin ATP-ase activity
  • Faster speed of contraction
44
Q

What is the difference between Oxidative and Glycolytic fibers?

A

In ATP-synthesising Ability (Higher OP capacity and Myoglobin Content, More Mitochondria and Capillaries, Red Colour)

45
Q

How is the Genetic Endowment of Muscle fiber types determined?

A

Type of activity for which muscle is specialised

46
Q

How do the Fibers differ w.r.t Resistance to Fatigue?

A

Type I: Hi
Type IIa: Intermediate
Type IIx: Lo

47
Q

How do the Fibers differ w.r.t Enzymes for Anaerobic Glycolysis?

A

Type I: Lo
Type IIa: Intermediate
Type IIx: Hi

48
Q

How do the Fibers differ w.r.t Glycogen Content?

A

Type I: Lo
Type IIa: Intermediate
Type IIx: Hi

AnP I (9 decks)

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