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AnP I > Muscle Physio II > Flashcards

Muscle Physio II Flashcards

1
Q

When do Muscle Fibers adapt?

A

Considerably in response to demands placed on them

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2
Q

What are the Types of Muscle Fiber Adaptations?

A
  1. Muscle Hypertrophy

2. Muscle Atrophy

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3
Q

Describe Muscle Hypertrophy.

A

Anaerobic Hi intensity resistance training; Increase Myosin and Actin filaments; Influenced by Testosterone; Interconversion between Fast muscle types

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4
Q

Describe Muscle Atrophy.

A

Disuse, denervation, aging; Limited repair of muscle (limited stem cells: satellite cells)

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5
Q

What are Whole Muscles?

A

Groups of Muscle Fibers bundled together and their tendons attached to bones

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6
Q

When and where is Muscle tension produced?

A

As the contractile component tightens the series-elastic component; produced internally within sarcomeres

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7
Q

What system do the interactive units of skeletal muscles, bones and joints form?

A

Lever system (Bones: Levers, Joints: Fulcrum, Skeletal Muscle: Force)

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8
Q

What are the Primary Types of Contraction?

A
  1. Isotonic: Constant load, muscle change
  2. Isokinetic: Constant velocity, muscle fibers shorten
  3. Isometric: Constant muscle length, tension increases
  4. Concentric: Muscle shortens
  5. Eccentric: Muscle lengthens
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9
Q

What skeletal muscle does not attach to bones at both ends but still produce movement?

A

Tongue muscle

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10
Q

What is the Load-Velocity relationship?

A

Velocity of shortening related to loud

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11
Q

What is most of the energy converted to when muscles contract?

A

Heat

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12
Q

What are the 2 primary factors that can be adjusted to produce graded contractions?

A
  1. No. of muscle fibers contracting

2. Tension developed by each contracting fiber

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13
Q

What are the factors affecting the Contraction?

A
  1. Extent of Motor Unit Recruitment (No. of fibers contracting within muscle)
  2. Frequency of Stimulation, fiber length and thickness, extent of fatigue (Tension developed by each muscle fiber)
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14
Q

What is Twitch Summation?

A

Increase in tension accompanying repetitive stimulation of a muscle fiber

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15
Q

What is Tetanus?

A

Smooth, sustained contraction of max strength

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16
Q

What does Twitch Summation result primarily from?

A

Sustained elevation in cytosolic Ca2+ (muscle fiber restimulated before complete relaxation)

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17
Q

When does Tetanus occur?

A

Muscle fiber stimulated so rapidly that it cannot relax at all between stimuli

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18
Q

What happens after Tetanus?

A

Stimulation stops or fatigue sets in

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19
Q

How do Muscles respond to Stimulus Strength?

A

Strength of contractions increase with strength of stimulus until max contraction

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20
Q

When can Max Tension be developed?

A

At optimal Muscle Length

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21
Q

What happens when muscle length is less than Optimal Muscle length?

A

Too much overlap in sarcomere

22
Q

What happens when muscle length is more than Optimal Muscle length?

A

Too little overlap in sarcomere

23
Q

Describe the Withdraw Reflex.

A
  1. Thermal pain receptor in finger activated
  2. AP generated in Afferent pathway; impulses propagated to spinal cord
  3. Spinal cord = Integrating center:
    - Excitatory interneurons (biceps)
    - Inhibitory interneurons (triceps)
    - Interneurons ascending to brain
  4. 2 efferent pathways to antagonistic muscles
  5. Resultant flexion of elbow joint pulls hand away from stimulus
  6. Events beyond reflex arc
24
Q

What do Muscle Receptors provide?

A

Afferent Info needed to control Skeletal Muscle activity

25
Q

Why does the CNS need continual info regarding ongoing changes in muscle length and tension?

A

For effective control of motor output

26
Q

What do Muscle Spindles monitor?

A

Muscle Length

27
Q

What do Golgi tendon organs detect?

A

Changes in tension

28
Q

What is the Stretch reflex?

A

Local -ve feedback mechanism to sense and resist changes in muscle length when an additional load is applied

29
Q

How is the Muscle Spindle structured?

A

Consists of collections of specialised muscle fibers (intrafusal fibers)

30
Q

What fiber is the secondary sensory endings?

A

Type II fiber

31
Q

What fiber is the primary sensory endings?

A

Type Ia fiber

32
Q

What does Alpha gamma coactivation contract?

A

Both intra and extrafusal muscle fibers

33
Q

Describe the process of an Unstretched Muscle.

A

AP generated at constant rate

34
Q

Describe the process of a Stretched Muscle.

A

Increased rate of APs due to activation of muscle spindle

35
Q

Describe the process of a Slack Muscle.

A

No APs are fired because only Alpha motor neurons are activated, contracting only Extrafusal muscle fibers; Unable to signal further length changes

36
Q

Describe the process of a Muscle maintained by muscle spindle tension.

A

Alpha-gamma coactivation: Both muscle fibers contract; Still can signal changes in length

37
Q

What type of tone is a single unit smooth muscle?

A

Myogenic (pacemaker and slow-wave potentials)

38
Q

How are Smooth Muscle contractions different from Skeletal Muscle?

A
  • Modification of activity by ANS
  • Arrangement of Thick and Thin Filaments
  • Ca2+ dependent phosphorylation of myosin
39
Q

How is the Arrangement of Thick and Thin Filaments in Smooth Muscles?

A

No troponin; Tropomyosin does not cover actin

40
Q

What is the function of phosphorylated myosin?

A

Permits binding with actin

41
Q

Describe the characteristic of Smooth Muscle.

A

Can still develop tension yet inherently relaxed when stretched (Stress relaxation response); Slow and Economical (Latch phenomenon)

42
Q

Describe the features of the Cardiac muscle.

A

Clear length-tension r/s; Interconnected by gap junctions in intercalated discs; Innervated by ANS

43
Q

Where does Control of motor contraction by NS?

A
  1. Motor cortex (Premotor and Primary)
  2. Brain stem
  3. Spinal cord
  4. Cerebellum
  5. Somatic and ANS (Somatosensory)
44
Q

What alterations occur during skeletal muscle hypertrophy and atrophy?

A

Myonuclear number (in conjunction with changes in myofibrillar protein content and CSA, resulting in a constant ratio of cytoplasmic area to nuclear number

45
Q

What is Sarcopenia?

A

Gradual muscle loss after the 4th decade of life

46
Q

Who does Sarcopenia mostly impact?

A

Males after the age of 50

47
Q

How much is the % of loss per year through inactivity?

A

1%

48
Q

Which type of fiber is more severely affected?

A

Type II

49
Q

What will loss of muscle protein affect?

A

Permanent; Affect activities of daily living and bone mass later in life; Affect Immune system, insulin absorption, blood sugar levels; Increase risk of type II diabetes

50
Q

What can the maintenance of muscle mass throughout life do?

A

Metabolic syndrome may be ameliorated

51
Q

What are the Causes of Sarcopenia?

A
  • Motor neuron death
  • Changes in testosterone status
  • Changes in activity
  • Changes in protein metabolism rate
  • Mitochondria dysfunction

AnP I (9 decks)

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