Integumentary System II

Question 1

Where is the Dermis located?

Answer 1

Between the Epidermis and subcutaneous layer

Question 2

What are the 2 components of the Dermis?

Answer 2

1. Outer Papillary layer

2. Deep Reticular layer

Question 3

What is the Function of the Dermis?

Answer 3

Anchors epidermal accessory structures

Question 4

What does the Dermal Papillary layer consist of?

Answer 4

Areolar tissue, smaller capillaries, lymphatics & sensory neurons

Question 5

What layer becomes inflamed in Dermatitis (Eczema)?

Answer 5

Dermal Papillary layer

Question 6

Which is the more thicker component of the Dermis?

Answer 6

Reticular layer

Question 7

What does the Dermal Reticular layer consist of?

Answer 7

Dens irregular connective tissue of all cells, collagen & elastic fibers (mainly)

Question 8

What do Collagen fibers do?

Answer 8

Limit flexibility to prevent damage to tissue (provide resilience)

Question 9

What do Elastic fibers do?

Answer 9

Provide flexibility

Question 10

How is skin turgor provided?

Answer 10

By water and fibers

Question 11

What causes the Loss of skin turgor?

Answer 11

• Dehydration (reversible)
• Aging
• Hormones
• Radiation

Question 12

What may excessive distortion of the skin from pregnancy or weight gain cause?

Answer 12

Stretch marks

Question 13

What are Tension Lines?

Answer 13

Cleavage lines that are produced by parallel bundles of collagen and elastic fibers in the dermis. They resist force applied to the skin.

Question 14

What happens to a cut made parallel to a tension line?

Answer 14

Remains shut and heals well

Question 15

What happens to a cut at a right angle to the tension line?

Answer 15

Pulls open and scars

Question 16

What are the Dermal blood supplies?

Answer 16

1. Cutaneous Plexus (deep artery network in the reticular layer)
2. Subpapillary Plexus (a branch of 1 going up the dermis)
3. Contusion (Bruise) - occurs in papillary layer

Question 17

What do the Nerve Fibers in the skin do?

Answer 17

• Control Blood Flow
• Adjust Gland Secretion rate
• Monitor Sensory receptors which respond to light tough and deep pressure from vibration

Question 18

How is the Hypodermis connected to the Reticular layer?

Answer 18

By connective tissues

Question 19

What is the function of the Hypodermis?

Answer 19

Stabilises position of the skin

Question 20

What does the Hypodermis primarily consist of?

Answer 20

Adipose tissue, adipocytes that contain fat deposits, large arteries & veins (superficial layer)

Question 21

What determines the distribution of subcutaneous fat deposits?

Answer 21

Sex hormones

Question 22

What cosmetic procedure can reduce fatty deposits?

Answer 22

Liposuction

Question 23

What are the 2 pigments that influence skin colour?

Answer 23

1. Melanin

2. Carotene

Question 24

What is Carotene?

Answer 24

Orange-yellow pigment

Question 25

Where does Carotene accumulate?

Answer 25

In epidermal cells and fatty tissues of the dermis

Question 26

What is the function of Carotene?

Answer 26

Can be converted to vitamin A that maintain epidermis and synthesize photo-receptor pigments in the eye

Question 27

What may excess carotene cause?

Answer 27

Yellowing of the skin and eyes

Question 28

What is Melanin?

Answer 28

Red-yellow or brown-black | pigment

Question 29

Where is Melanin stored?

Answer 29

In intracellular vesicles | melanosomes

Question 30

What is Melanin produced by?

Answer 30

Melanocytes

Question 31

What is the function of Melanocytes?

Answer 31

Protects skin from ultraviolet (UV) | radiation

Question 32

What does sun exposure cause?

Answer 32

Sun exposure causes more melanin production to protect from UV ray which causes darkening of the skin (tanning)

Question 33

What does too much sun exposure cause?

Answer 33

Sun-burn

Question 34

How does Blood Flow & Oxygenation influence Skin colour?

Answer 34

``` Hemoglobin = bright red when bound to oxygen Hemoglobin = dark red when oxygen is released (blue-ish skin colour) ```

Question 35

What illnesses influence skin colour?

Answer 35

1. Jaundice (Buildup of bile produced by liver) 2. Pituitary Tumour (excess MSH) 3. Addison's Disease (excess ACTH) 4. Vitiligo (Loss of melanocyte)

Question 36

How is Vit D (cholecalciferol) produced?

Answer 36

Epidermal cells produce vitamin D3 from UV rays (Sunlight activate steroid compound known as 7-dehydrocholesterol)

Question 37

What is the function of Vit ?

Answer 37

Liver and kidneys convert vitamin D3 into calcitriol that | aid absorption of calcium and phosphorous

Question 38

What does insufficient Vit D cause?

Answer 38

Rickets

Question 39

What are Exocrine Glands?

Answer 39

Glands that produce and secrete substances onto an | epithelial surface by way of a duct

Question 40

What are the 2 exocrine glands in the skin?

Answer 40

1. Sebaceous Glands (oil glands) | 2. Sweat Glands

Question 41

What are Sebaceous Glands?

Answer 41

A holocrine gland (production of secretion include dead cells) that discharges lipid secretion (sebum) into hair follicles •

Question 42

What is the function of Sebum?

Answer 42

Lubricate and protect hair shields and inhibit growth of bacteria

Question 43

What types of sweat glands are there?

Answer 43

1. Apocrine (only in hairy areas, secrete substance indirectly) 2. Eccrine (more abundant, secrete substance directly)