Neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

Motor neurons

A

Communicate info from the central nervous system to the muscles

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2
Q

Neuron

A

Highly specialized cell that communicates info in electrical and chemical form

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3
Q

Cell body

A

The part of cell that processes nutrients and provides energy for the neuron to function; contains the cells nucleus; also called the soma

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4
Q

Dentrites

A

The multiple short fibers that extend from a neuron’s cell body and receive info from other neuron’s or sensory receptor cells

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5
Q

Axon

A

The long, fluid-filled tube that carries messages to other body areas

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6
Q

Glial cells

A

The support cells that assist neuron’s by providing structural support, nutrition, and removal of cell wastes;
manufacture myelin

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7
Q

Myelin sheath

A

A white, fatty covering aroun axon of some neuron’s that increase their communication speed

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8
Q

Action potential

A

A brief electrical impulse by which info is transmitted along axon

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9
Q

Stimulus threshold

A

The min level of stimulation required to activate a particular neuron

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10
Q

Resting potential

A

The state in which a neuron is prepared to activate and communicate it’s message if it receives sufficient stimulation.
-70 millivolts

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11
Q

Synapse

A

Point of communication between two neurons

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12
Q

Synaptic gap

A

Tiny space between the axon terminal of one neuron and the dendrite of an adjoining neuron

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13
Q

Axon terminals

A

The branches at end of the axon that contain tiny pouches, or sacs, called synaptic vesicles.

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14
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

The tiny pouches or sacs in axon terminals that contain chemicals called neurotransmitter

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemicals messengers manufactured by a nueron

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16
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

The process through which neurotransmitters are released by one neuron, cross the synaptic gap, and affect adjoining neurons

17
Q

Reuptake

A

The process by which neurotransmitter molecular detach from a post synaptic neuron so they can be recycled and used again

18
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Learning, memory, muscle contractions

Alzheimer’s disease

19
Q

Dopamine

A

Movement, thought processes, rewarding sensations

Parkinson’s disease, schizophrenia, drug addiction

20
Q

Serotonin

A

Emotional states, sleep, sensory perception

Depression

21
Q

Norepinephrine

A

Physical arousal, learning, memory, regulation of sleep

Depression, stress

22
Q

Glutamate

A

Excitatory messages

Seizures, Alzheimer’s disease

23
Q

GABA

A

Inhibitory messages

Anxiety disorder

24
Q

Endorphins

A

Pain perception, positive emotions

Opioid addiction

25
Nervous system
The primary communication network of the body. Divided into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
26
Nerves
Bundles of neuron axons that carry info in the peripheral nervous system
27
Central nervous system
The division of the nervous system that consists of the brain and spinal cord.
28
Peripheral nervous system
The division of the nervous system that includes all the nerves lying outside the central nervous system
29
Somatic nervous system
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that communicates sensory info to the central nervous system and carries motor messages from the central nervous system to the muscles.
30
Autonomic nervous system
The subdivision of the peripheral nervous system that regulates involuntary functions
31
Sympathetic nervous system
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that produces rapid physical arousal in response to perceived emergencies or threats
32
Parasympathetic nervous system
The branch of the autonomic nervous system that maintains normal bodily functions and conserves the body's physical resources