Neuropsychopharmacology Part 2: Antimanic, Antianxiety, Hypnotics, Muscle Relaxants Flashcards
lithium: what it is, mechanism
- antimanic (treats bipolar disorder)
- blocks the phosphatase that converts IP2 to IP1, which blocks the recycling of inositol substrates and therefore reduces release of IP3 and DAG
carbamazepine: what it is, mechanism
- antiseizure agent used for bipolar disorder
- blocks sodium channels and inhibits the generation of repetitive action potentials
valproic acid: what it is, mechanism, side effect
- antiseizure agent used for bipolar disorder
- blocks repetitive neuronal firing
- side effects: teratogenicity (spina bifida)
side effect: increased risk of spina bifida
valproic acid
antiseizure agents used for long-term control of bipolar disorder (2)
carbamazepine, valproic acid
alprazolam: what it is, mechanism, onset of action
- benzodiazepine anxiolytic
- GABA enhancement
- rapid onset of action (minutes)
diazepam: what it is, mechanism, duration of action, use other than major use
- benzodiazepine anxiolytic
- GABA enhancement
- long duration of action
- muscle relaxant
buspirone: what it is, mechanism, advantage over benzodiazepines, onset of action
- antianxiety agent that is NOT a benzodiazepine
- partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors
- less sedating than benzodiazepines
- therapeutic effects may take 1-2 weeks or more
- antianxiety agent that is NOT a benzodiazepine
- partial agonist at 5-HT1A receptors
- less sedating than benzodiazepines
- therapeutic effects may take 1-2 weeks or more
buspirone
- benzodiazepine anxiolytic
- GABA enhancement
- rapidly absorbed
- long duration of action
- muscle relaxant
diazepam
- benzodiazepine anxiolytic
- GABA enhancement
- rapid onset of action (minutes)
alprazolam
chlordiazepoxide
benzodiazepine prescribed for alcohol withdrawal
benzodiazepine prescribed for alcohol withdrawal
chlordiazepoxide
effects of benzodiazepines (flurazepam) on sleep
increase stage 1 and 2 sleep, decrease stage 3, 4, and REM sleep
benzodiazepine used primarily as a hypnotic (treatment for insomnia)
flurazepam
adverse effects common to all benzodiazepines
daytime sedation, ataxia, rebound insomnia, dependence
zolpidem: use, mechanism, advantages over benzodiazepines
- treats insomnia
- binds omega-1 BDZ receptor
- less disruption of sleep architecture, no daytime sedation
drugs used to treat muscle spasticity (3)
diazepam, baclofen, tizanidine
diazepam for muscle spasticity: mechanism, side effect
- enhances action of GABA at GABA-A receptor Cl- channel complex
- produces sedation
baclofen: use, mechanism, positive aspect
- treats muscle spasticity
- GABA-B receptor agonist
- as effective as diazepam with less sedation
tizanidine: use, mechanism
- treats muscle spasticity
- alpha2-adrenergic agonist
benzodiazepines: mechanism
increases chloride conduction by opening GABAA receptor associated with chloride ion channel –> hyperpolarization –> increases inhibition, decreases excitation
benzodiazepine that does not form active metabolites
lorazepam
drugs used to treat insomnia
benzodiazepines (flurazepam), zolpidem, and chloral hydrate
flurazepam
benzodiazepine used primarily as a hypnotic (treatment for insomnia)
- treats muscle spasticity
- GABA-B receptor agonist
- as effective as diazepam with less sedation
baclofen
binds omega-1 BDZ receptor
zolpidem
chloral hydrate: use
treats insomnia
