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Block 3 Pharm > Antiviral Drugs > Flashcards

Antiviral Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

how does herpesviruses facilitate effective drug therapy?

A
  • replication continues over long periods
  • encode enzymes for their own replication
  • participate in drug activation
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2
Q

two drugs used to prevent and treat influenza A, and the difference between them

A
  • amantadine and oseltamivir
  • amantadine is treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A ONLY, while oseltamivir is treatment and prevention of both influenza A and B
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3
Q

oseltamivir: use and mechanism

A
  • prophylaxis and treatment of influenza A and B

- inhibits influenza neuraminidases and interferes with viral release and penetration

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4
Q

ophthalmic herpes simplex

A

trifluridine

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5
Q

herpes simplex not ophthalmic

A

acyclovir, foscarnet, famciclovir, penciclovir

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6
Q

acyclovir: use, mechanism

A
  • systemic and genital herpes simplex

- activated by herpes enzymes and acts as a competitive inhibitor of dGTP and as a chain terminator

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7
Q

acute herpes zoster (shingles)

A

famciclovir

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8
Q

recurrent genital herpes

A

famciclovir

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9
Q

famciclovir: uses, mechanism

A
  • acute herpes zoster (shingles), recurrent genital herpes
  • mechanism similar to acyclovir, prodrug activated to penciclovir which is then phosphorylated to inhibit DNA polymerase
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10
Q

drugs that treat CMV infection

A

ganciclovir, foscarnet

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11
Q

ganciclovir: use, mechanism, side effect

A
  • CMV retinitis and prophylaxis
  • similar mechanism to acyclovir, nucleoside analog whose triphosphate form inhibits DNA synthesis and terminates DNA elongation
  • bone marrow suppression
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12
Q

antiviral drugs that have bone marrow suppression as side effect

A

GRZ (bone marrow suppression is a GRiZzly side effect): ganciclovir, zidovudine (AZT), and ribavirin

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13
Q

acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex

A

foscarnet

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14
Q

foscarnet: uses, mechanism, side effects

A
  • CMV, acyclovir-resistant herpes simplex
  • inhibits DNA polymerase, does not require conversion to triphosphate form to be active
  • side effects: renal damage, seizures (limits use)
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15
Q

drugs approved for hepatitis B and HIV

A

lamivudine and tenofovir

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16
Q

drugs used to treat hepatitis B

A

lamivudine, tenofovir, and alpha-interferons

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17
Q

mechanism of lamivudine and tenofovir when treating hepatitis B

A

inhibit reverse transcriptase domain of hepatitis B DNA polymerase

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18
Q

RSV infections (mostly children)

A

ribavirin

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19
Q

most effective treatment for hepatitis C

A

boceprevir + PEG-interferon-alpha + ribavirin

20
Q

RSV infections (mostly children) and hepatitis C

21
Q

ribavirin: uses, mechanism, side effect

A
  • RSV infection and hepatitis C
  • interferes with viral mRNA synthesis by inhibiting GMP/GTP synthesis and capping of viral mRNA
  • side effect: bone marrow suppression
22
Q

alpha interferons: uses

A

venereal warts, hepatitis B and C (used in combination with ribavirin and boceprevir for hepatitis C)

23
Q

boceprevir: use, mechanism

A
  • hepatitis C (in combination with ribavirin and PEG-interferon-alpha)
  • inhibits NS3 protease of hepatitis C, blocks formation of infectious virus
24
Q

zidovudine: what it is, mechanism, side effects

A
  • NRTI (nucleoside inhibitors of reverse transcriptase) for treatment of HIV
  • nucleoside analog that is phosphorylated –> inhibits reverse transcriptase –> acts as a DNA chain terminator
  • side effects: bone marrow suppression, lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis
25
tenofovir: what it is, uses, mechanism, side effects
-NRTI -combination therapy for HIV; hepatitis B -nucleoTide prodrug that competes for incorporation into DNA --> chain termination side effects: lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis
26
lamivudine: what it is, uses, mechanism, side effects
- NRTI - AZT-resistant HIV; hepatitis B - nucleoside analog inhibitor of reverse transcriptase - side effects: lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis
27
side effects common to NRTIs
lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis
28
lactic acidosis, hepatic steatosis
NRTIs: zidovudine, tenofovir, lamivudine, abacavir
29
efavirenz: what it is, use, mechanism
- NNRTI - part of multi-drug therapy for HIV - disrupts active site of reverse transcriptase
30
lopinavir: use, mechanism, side effects
- treats HIV in combination with reverse transcriptase inhibitors - protease inhibitor, so prevents viral aspartic protease from cleaving Gag-pol polypeptide into separate functional proteins - side effects: diabetes (elevated glucose), altered lipid metabolism (increased triglycerides and cholesterol)
31
protease inhibitor
lopinavir
32
used to boost levels of other HIV drugs by blocking their metabolism by CYP3A
ritonavir
33
enfuvirtide: use, mechanism
- for HIV-1 only (both CXCR4 and CCR5 strains) | - binds to gp41 subunit of HIV glycoprotein and blocks membrane fusion to CD4 T cells
34
difference between enfurvitide and maraviroc
maraviroc has a narrow spectrum of use, only treats CCR5-tropic HIV-1
35
maraviroc: use, mechanism, side effects
- treatment of CCR5-tropic HIV-1 - CCR5 co-receptor antagonist that blocks entry of HIV into cells - side effects: hepatotoxicity, cardiovascular events
36
raltegravir: use, mechanism
- treatment of HIV-1 | - inhibits HIV-1 integrase, thereby preventing integration of HIV-1 DNA into the genome
37
drugs used in treatment of HIV-1
enfurvitide, maraviroc (CCR5-tropic only), raltegravir
38
integrase inhibitor
raltegravir
39
treatment of only CCR5-tropic HIV-1
maraviroc
40
when is it urgent to start HAART therapy?
CD4<350
41
NNRTI
efavirenz
42
zidovudine (AZT)-resistant HIV
lamivudine
43
amantadine: use, mechanism
- prophylaxis and therapy for influenza A ONLY | - blocks viral uncoating by interfering with M2 protein
44
ritonavir: use
used to boost levels of other HIV drugs by blocking their metabolism by CYP3A
45
NRTIs
zidovudine, tenofovir, lamivudine

Block 3 Pharm (17 decks)

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