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Neuro > Neuroplasticity > Flashcards

Neuroplasticity Flashcards

1
Q

What is neuroplasticity?

A

The ability of neurons to change their function, chemical, or structure

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2
Q

3 mechanisms of neuroplasticity

A
  1. Habituation
  2. Experience-Dependent Plasticity
  3. Recovery after injury
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3
Q

What is habituation?

A

A decrease in response to a repeated, benign stimulus

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4
Q

What is the time duration of habituation?

A

Temporary

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5
Q

What type of change is habituation? (chemical, structural, functional)

A

Chemical

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6
Q

What chemical changes occur in habituation?

A

Decreased release of neurotransmitters
Decreased release of Ca2+
Change in post-synaptic receptor sensitivity

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7
Q

Does habituation resolve after a period of no stimulus?

A

Yes

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8
Q

Habituation is due to what?

A

Decreased synaptic activity b/t sensory neuron and interneuron

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9
Q

If there is prolonged repetitions of stimulus in habituation, what kind of changes will occur?

A

Structural – more permanent changes

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10
Q

How does habituation allow for other types of learning to occur?

A

It tunes out “less important” info and focuses on “important info”

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11
Q

Techniques/Exercises to decrease neural response to stimulus (habituation)

A

Tactile defensiveness (cotton ball, light touch)
Vestibular Exercises

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12
Q

What is experience-dependent plasticity?

A

Persistent, long-lasting changes in strength of synaptic connections between neurons and within neural networks

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13
Q

What type of change is experience-dependent plasticity?

A

Structural

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14
Q

What is experience-dependent plasticity for?

A

Learning and memory

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15
Q

Examples of experience-dependent plasticity?

A

Playing an instrument, playing a sport

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16
Q

What structural changes occur in EDP?

A

Synthesis of new proteins
New synaptic connections
New dendrites, receptors, etc

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17
Q

Two types of plasticity in learning and memory

A
  1. Long-term potentiation (LTP)
  2. Long-term depression (LTD)
18
Q

Long-term potentiation (LTP) occurs where in the neuron?

A

Pre-synaptic terminal

19
Q

Long-term potential (LTP) changes what in the neuron?

A

Changes in amount of neurotransmitter

20
Q

Long-term depression (LTD) occurs where in the neuron?

A

Post-synaptic terminal

21
Q

Long-term depression (LTD) changes what in the neuron?

A

Changes receptor density and efficiency

22
Q

What do astrocytes do in EDP?

A

Modulate neurotransmitter release and receptor expression

23
Q

What do astrocytes release for synaptic connection modulation?

A

Gliotransmitters

24
Q

What do gliotransmitters do?

A

Modulate synaptic connection

25
Q

What is declarative memory?

A

Facts, events

26
Q

Where is declarative memory stored?

A

Medial Temporal Lobe - Hippocampus

27
Q

What is procedural memory?

A

Motor skills

28
Q

Where is procedural memory stored?

A

Cerebellum, Basal Ganglia, Motor Cortex

29
Q

Why is procedural memory stored diffusely?

A

If one area is damaged, there are still other areas retaining important motor skill memory for function

30
Q

Process of axonal injury in PNS

A

Cytoplasm leaks
Segments retract (Wallerian Degeneration)
Glial cells clean up debris
Central chromatolysis

31
Q

What is Wallerian Degeneration?

A

Distal segment of axon retracts away

32
Q

What is Central Chromatolysis?

A

Cell body degenerative changes

33
Q

What happens if post-synaptic cell loses synaptic inputs?

A

Cell death

34
Q

What process occurs for recovery in the PNS?

A

Sprouting

35
Q

What is regrowth of damaged axons?

A

Sprouting

36
Q

What cellular changes occur for functional regeneration in the PNS?

A

Increase in NGF’s by Schwann Cells
Glial cell remove debris
Bands of Biingner guides regrowth to target

37
Q

What is the timeframe of recovery in the PNS?

A

SLOW

38
Q

What problem can occur from sprouting?

A

Axons can sprout in the wrong target causing wrong innervation

39
Q

What problem can occur from regeneration of axons in the PNS?

A

Synkinesis
Altered Sensation

40
Q

What is synkinesis?

A

Growth in wrong area
Can cause co-contraction of muscles

41
Q

Is there axon regeneration in CNS injuries?

A

No (not yet)

42
Q

What cellular events occur in trauma to CNS?

A

Damage to white fiber tracts
Increase membrane permeability & Na+/Ca2+
Disrupts axon transportation + build up
Axons swell + break
Proximal axons retracts (axonal retraction ball)
Distal axons = Wallerian degeneration, Central chromatolysis

Neuro (19 decks)

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