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Neuro > Aging > Flashcards

Aging Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two theories thought to explain aging?

A

Programmed theories
Damage or Error Theories

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2
Q

Reasons why the brain is more susceptible to aging?

A

Slow, limited cell division
Damaged areas
High levels of energy production and usage results in more oxidative stress

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3
Q

What are the structural changes to the brain (normal aging)?

A

Atrophy
Reduced capillary density
Metabolic changes

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4
Q

What are atrophic changes with brain aging?

A

Loss of neurons
Decreased axon diameter
Reduced myelin sheath thickness

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5
Q

What are vascular changes with brain aging?

A

Reduced capillary density
- Thickening of vessel walls and basement membrane

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6
Q

What are metabolic changes with brain aging?

A

Reduced insulin receptor sensitivity (hippocampus)
Reduced glucose and oxygen use

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7
Q

What type of brain matter decline with aging?

A

Gray = declines linearly
White = peaks in midlife before declining

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8
Q

What’s a likely reason for age-related cognitive slowing?

A

Likely compounded by declining frontal lobe function and neuromuscular control

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9
Q

Is age-related cognitive slowing part of normal aging?

A

Yes

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10
Q

What type of activity is critical in maintaining cognitive performance?

A

Mental and physical

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11
Q

Is the global cognitive assessment for specific testing?

A

No, a broad population-level screening

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12
Q

2 main types of cognition?

A

Hot = emotions and motivation
Cold = information processing

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13
Q

Who can administer the global cognitive assessment?

A

Any member of the health care team

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14
Q

Is the global cognitive assessment diagnostic?

A

No

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15
Q

Global Cognitive Assessments

A

Brief pencil/paper tests to assess general mental status
Used for population-level screening
Can be administered and interpreted of health care team (no level of training req)

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16
Q

Common Global Cognitive Assessments

A

Mini-Mental Status Exam
Montreal Cognitive Assessment
Mini-Cog Test
Clock Drawing Test
AD8 Dementia Screening Tool

17
Q

What is executive function?

A

Ability to plan, organize, sequence and monitor goal-oriented behaviors

18
Q

How is executive function typically assessed?

A

By the change in performance from simple to complex conditions
Associated to falls and functional deficits

19
Q

3 main activities involved with executive function?

A

Updating ability
Shifting ability
Inhibition ability

20
Q

Shifting-Specific Executive Function

A

Reflect flexibility in transitioning to new task-set representations

21
Q

Updating-Specific Executive Function

A

May be related to information gating and retrieval from long term memory

22
Q

Clinical Manifestation of impaired inhibition

A

Impulsivity

23
Q

Inhibition

A

Suppression of an automatic or predominant response
Means by which habit and familiarity can be over-ridden

24
Q

Updating

A

Use of incoming information to update older, irrelevant information

25
Q

Updating is related to and associated with which 1) components and 2) activation areas of the brain?

A

Working memory and intelligence
Associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortical activation

26
Q

Shifting

A

Transfer of attention b/t multiple tasks or mental states

27
Q

What does shifting require?

A

Requires disengagement from irrelevant task set, with engagement of more relevant task set

28
Q

Clinical Manifestation of shifting issues

A
  • Perseveration
29
Q

Test for Inhibition

A

Stroop Color Word Test

30
Q

Tests for Shifting

A

Navon (local/global) figures
Trail making test

31
Q

Is there a brain region for multitasking?

A

NO, brain activity is task specific

32
Q

Dual Task costs

A

Can do two tasks at once but not well
Disruption in task performance under dual-task conditions

33
Q

Multitasking Tests

A

Cognitive TUG (subtraction counting while walking)
Walking and remembering test

34
Q

3 aspects of dementia

A

Significant decline in one or more cognitive areas
Interference with everyday function
Not explained by delirium or other mental disorder

35
Q

Examples of cognitive decline that can manifest with dementia

A

Learning + memory
Executive function
Language
Complex attention
Perceptual-motor
Social cognition

36
Q

Common age-related cognitive changes

A

“tip of the tongue syndrome”
Decline in working memory
Slower processing
Stable vocabulary
No appreciable interference with ADLs

37
Q

Best diagnostic test for dementia

A

Careful hx and physical and mental status exam by a knowledgeable physician

Neuro (19 decks)

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