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Neuro > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

Brodmann’s Area 17

A

Primary Visual Cortex

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2
Q

Brodmann’s Area 18, 19

A

Secondary Visual Cortex

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3
Q

Brodmann’s Area 39, 40

A

Sensory association area

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4
Q

Brodmann’s Area 40

A

Primary Vestibular Area

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5
Q

Brodmann’s Area 41

A

Primary auditory cortex

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6
Q

Brodmann’s Area 22, 42

A

Secondary auditory cortex

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7
Q

Brodmann’s Area 3-2-1

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

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8
Q

Brodmann’s Area 5, 7

A

Secondary somatosensory cortex

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9
Q

Brodmann’s Area 4

A

Primary motor cortex (M1)

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10
Q

Brodmann’s Area 6

A

PMAs

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11
Q

Name the 4 association cortices

A

Dorsolateral Prefrontal
Parietotemporal
Ventral Dorsal Prefrontal
Medial Dorsal Prefronotal

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12
Q

Role of association cortices

A

Complex behavior organization
- integration/interpretation of sensations
- processing of memory
- emotions
- personality
- executive functions

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13
Q

Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal

A

Executive function
Self-awareness (avoid socially inappropriate behavior)

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14
Q

Role of Parietotemporal Association

A

Sensory integration
Understanding language and spatial relationships

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15
Q

Role of Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal

A

Impulse control
Mood and emotion regulation
Personality
Affect

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16
Q

What is not fully developed in teens (moody behavior, impulsive)?

A

Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal

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17
Q

What do the SMA, Premotor Cortex, and Broca’s area all have in common?

A

Planning

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18
Q

Broca’s area controls what?

A

Language expression

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19
Q

Broca’s area (L hemisphere) directs what muscles?

A

Muscles involved in speech

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20
Q

The area analogous to Broca’s area controls what?

A

Planning nonverbal communication
(emotional gestures, tone of voice)

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21
Q

What hemisphere is dominant in most people with language?

A

L hemisphere

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22
Q

Wernicke’s area is responsible for what? (L hemisphere)

A

Language comprehension

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23
Q

Wernicke’s area is responsible for what? (R hemisphere)

A

Interpreting nonverbal communication signals

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24
Q

Broca’s area in the L hemisphere is responsible for what?

A

Instruction for language output
Plan movements to produce speech

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25
Q

Broca’s area in R hemisphere is responsible for what?

A

Instructions for producing nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, intonation of speech)

26
Q

Order of processing auditory information

A

Primary auditory cortex –> Secondary auditory cortex –> Wernicke’s Area –> Subcortical connections –> Broca’s Area –> Oral and Throat region of sensorimotor cortex

27
Q

What is agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize objects using a specific sense (even though discrimination touch is intact)

28
Q

What is astereognosia?

A

Inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation

29
Q

What is visual agnosia?

A

Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision

30
Q

What is prosopagnosia?

A

Inability to visually identify people’s faces
Identified through voice or mannerisms

31
Q

Where is the damage that results in prosopagnosia?

A

Bilateral damage to inferior visual secondary sensory area

32
Q

What is auditory agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize sounds

33
Q

If auditory agnosia impacts the L auditory cortex, what happens?

A

Inability to distinguish language from other sounds

34
Q

If auditory agnosia impacts the L auditory cortex, what happens?

A

Inability to distinguish language from other sounds

35
Q

If auditory agnosia impacts the R auditory cortex, what happens?

A

Inability to interpret environmental sounds

36
Q

What is apraxia?

A

Inability to perform a movement or sequence of movements despite intact sensation, motor output, and cognition

37
Q

What is Broca’s aphasia?

A

Inability to speak or write

38
Q

A stroke in what artery commonly causes Broca’s aphasia?

A

Middle Cerebral ARtery

39
Q

What is dysarthria?

A

Speech disorder due to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of muscles used for speaking

40
Q

If there is a dysfunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal association area, what is lost?

A

Loss of executive function
Lack of initiative
Lack of empathy

41
Q

If there is a dysfunction in the parietotemporal association area, what happens?

A

Difficulty with sensory integration
Unable to handle new info effectively; concrete thinking

42
Q

Damage to L parietotemporal association areas presents with

A

Wernicke’s aphasia

43
Q

Damage to R parietotemporal association area presents with

A

Neglect and/or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication

44
Q

If there is a dysfunction in the ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal areas, what happens?

A

Difficulty with self-control
Impulsive
Impaired empathy, embarrassment, guilt, and regret
Inappropriate and risky behavior

45
Q

Aphasia

A

Difficulty with spoken language

46
Q

Alexia

A

Difficulty with written language

47
Q

Agraphia

A

Inability to write

48
Q

Conduction aphasia

A

Damage to neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas

49
Q

How can severe and mild forms of conduction aphasia present?

A

In severe forms = speech and writing is meaningless
Mild forms = paraphrasia occurs

50
Q

Global aphasia

A

Inability to use language in any form
Cannot produce understandable speech, comprehend spoken language, speak fluently, read/write

51
Q

Where is the lesion in global aphasia

A

Large lesion lateral L cerebrum

52
Q

If area analogous to Broca’s area is damaged, what will you see?

A

Monotone speech
Lack of emotional facial expressions and gestures
Flat affect

53
Q

If area analogous to Wernicke’s area is damaged, what will you see?

A

Difficulty understanding intonation
Neglect of the involved side of body

54
Q

What area discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects?

A

Primary somatosensory

55
Q

What area is involved with conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds

A

Primary auditory

56
Q

What area distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects

A

Primary visual

57
Q

What area discriminates among head positions and head mvmts?

A

Primary vestibular

58
Q

What area is involved with stereogenesis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment

A

Secondary somatosensory

59
Q

What area is involved with analysis of motion, color; controls visual fixation

A

Secondary visual

60
Q

What area is involved with classification of sounds

A

Secondary auditory

Neuro (19 decks)

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