Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
Brodmann’s Area 17
Primary Visual Cortex
Brodmann’s Area 18, 19
Secondary Visual Cortex
Brodmann’s Area 39, 40
Sensory association area
Brodmann’s Area 40
Primary Vestibular Area
Brodmann’s Area 41
Primary auditory cortex
Brodmann’s Area 22, 42
Secondary auditory cortex
Brodmann’s Area 3-2-1
Primary somatosensory cortex
Brodmann’s Area 5, 7
Secondary somatosensory cortex
Brodmann’s Area 4
Primary motor cortex (M1)
Brodmann’s Area 6
PMAs
Name the 4 association cortices
Dorsolateral Prefrontal
Parietotemporal
Ventral Dorsal Prefrontal
Medial Dorsal Prefronotal
Role of association cortices
Complex behavior organization
- integration/interpretation of sensations
- processing of memory
- emotions
- personality
- executive functions
Role of Dorsolateral Prefrontal
Executive function
Self-awareness (avoid socially inappropriate behavior)
Role of Parietotemporal Association
Sensory integration
Understanding language and spatial relationships
Role of Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal
Impulse control
Mood and emotion regulation
Personality
Affect
What is not fully developed in teens (moody behavior, impulsive)?
Ventral and Medial Dorsal Prefrontal
What do the SMA, Premotor Cortex, and Broca’s area all have in common?
Planning
Broca’s area controls what?
Language expression
Broca’s area (L hemisphere) directs what muscles?
Muscles involved in speech
The area analogous to Broca’s area controls what?
Planning nonverbal communication
(emotional gestures, tone of voice)
What hemisphere is dominant in most people with language?
L hemisphere
Wernicke’s area is responsible for what? (L hemisphere)
Language comprehension
Wernicke’s area is responsible for what? (R hemisphere)
Interpreting nonverbal communication signals
Broca’s area in the L hemisphere is responsible for what?
Instruction for language output
Plan movements to produce speech
Broca’s area in R hemisphere is responsible for what?
Instructions for producing nonverbal communication (emotional gestures, intonation of speech)
Order of processing auditory information
Primary auditory cortex –> Secondary auditory cortex –> Wernicke’s Area –> Subcortical connections –> Broca’s Area –> Oral and Throat region of sensorimotor cortex
What is agnosia?
Inability to recognize objects using a specific sense (even though discrimination touch is intact)
What is astereognosia?
Inability to identify objects by touch and manipulation
What is visual agnosia?
Inability to visually recognize objects despite having intact vision
What is prosopagnosia?
Inability to visually identify people’s faces
Identified through voice or mannerisms
Where is the damage that results in prosopagnosia?
Bilateral damage to inferior visual secondary sensory area
What is auditory agnosia?
Inability to recognize sounds
If auditory agnosia impacts the L auditory cortex, what happens?
Inability to distinguish language from other sounds
If auditory agnosia impacts the L auditory cortex, what happens?
Inability to distinguish language from other sounds
If auditory agnosia impacts the R auditory cortex, what happens?
Inability to interpret environmental sounds
What is apraxia?
Inability to perform a movement or sequence of movements despite intact sensation, motor output, and cognition
What is Broca’s aphasia?
Inability to speak or write
A stroke in what artery commonly causes Broca’s aphasia?
Middle Cerebral ARtery
What is dysarthria?
Speech disorder due to paralysis, incoordination, or spasticity of muscles used for speaking
If there is a dysfunction in the dorsolateral prefrontal association area, what is lost?
Loss of executive function
Lack of initiative
Lack of empathy
If there is a dysfunction in the parietotemporal association area, what happens?
Difficulty with sensory integration
Unable to handle new info effectively; concrete thinking
Damage to L parietotemporal association areas presents with
Wernicke’s aphasia
Damage to R parietotemporal association area presents with
Neglect and/or difficulty understanding nonverbal communication
If there is a dysfunction in the ventral and medial dorsal prefrontal areas, what happens?
Difficulty with self-control
Impulsive
Impaired empathy, embarrassment, guilt, and regret
Inappropriate and risky behavior
Aphasia
Difficulty with spoken language
Alexia
Difficulty with written language
Agraphia
Inability to write
Conduction aphasia
Damage to neurons that connect Wernicke’s and Broca’s areas
How can severe and mild forms of conduction aphasia present?
In severe forms = speech and writing is meaningless
Mild forms = paraphrasia occurs
Global aphasia
Inability to use language in any form
Cannot produce understandable speech, comprehend spoken language, speak fluently, read/write
Where is the lesion in global aphasia
Large lesion lateral L cerebrum
If area analogous to Broca’s area is damaged, what will you see?
Monotone speech
Lack of emotional facial expressions and gestures
Flat affect
If area analogous to Wernicke’s area is damaged, what will you see?
Difficulty understanding intonation
Neglect of the involved side of body
What area discriminates shape, texture, or size of objects?
Primary somatosensory
What area is involved with conscious discrimination of loudness and pitch of sounds
Primary auditory
What area distinguishes intensity of light, shape, size, and location of objects
Primary visual
What area discriminates among head positions and head mvmts?
Primary vestibular
What area is involved with stereogenesis and memory of the tactile and spatial environment
Secondary somatosensory
What area is involved with analysis of motion, color; controls visual fixation
Secondary visual
What area is involved with classification of sounds
Secondary auditory
