Neurons: Structure and Function

Question 1

What part of the neuron receives information from other cells?

Answer 1

Dendrites

Question 2

What part of the neuron carries output information to the presynaptic terminal?

Answer 2

Axon

Question 3

What part of the neuron transmits information to other cells and releases neurotransmitters?

Answer 3

Presynaptic Terminal

Question 4

What part of the neuron produces the neurotransmitter?

Answer 4

Soma

Question 5

What is the cell body of the neuron?

Answer 5

Soma

Question 6

Steps of action potential:

Answer 6

Action potential starts on Axon Hillcock
It propagates and travels down the axon
Pauses and regenerates action potential at each Node of Ranvier

Question 7

What are two types of neurons?

Answer 7

Bipolar
Multipolar

Question 8

Parts of a bipolar neuron?

Answer 8

Dendritic root
Axon

Question 9

What is a subclass of bipolar neurons?

Answer 9

Pseudounipolar

Question 10

What are the types of Pseudounipolar neurons?

Answer 10

Peripheral axon
Central Axon

Question 11

Parts of a multipolar neuron?

Answer 11

Multiple dendrites
Single axon

Question 12

During depolarization, is the membrane potential more or less negative?

Answer 12

Less (Excitatory)

Question 13

During hyperpolarization, is the membrane potential more or less negative?

Answer 13

More (Inhibitory)

Question 14

What is when the change in resting membrane potential results in transmission of information?

Answer 14

Depolarization (Excitatory)

Question 15

What is when lack of or difficulty transmitting information through membrane?

Answer 15

Hyperpolarization (Inhibitory)

Question 16

What is the distance spread of local potentials?

Answer 16

Short distances

Question 17

What will develop if enough depolarization (threshold reached) occurs at the membrane?

Answer 17

Action potential develops

Question 18

Where is information produced for local potentials?

Answer 18

1. Modality-gated channel of sensory neuron receptor (receptor potentials)
2. Ligand-gaged channel at postsynaptic membrane (synaptic potentials)

Question 19

What are two ways local potentials increase in strength to develop or inhibit action potentials?

Answer 19

1. Temporal
2. Spatial

Question 20

What is temporal summation?

Answer 20

Combined effect of local potentials occurring rapidly

Question 21

What is spatial summation?

Answer 21

Combined effect of several small local potentials occurring at the same time

Question 22

Types of neurons

Answer 22

Afferent - Periphery to CNS (sensory)
Efferent - CNS to periphery (motor)
Interneuron - connects spinal + motor neurons

Question 23

What is a convergence of neurons? Example

Answer 23

Multiple inputs from several neurons on a single axon
Ex) Hearing, Vision, Touch converge in Sensory Association Area in Cortex

Question 24

What is a divergence of neurons? Example

Answer 24

Single neuron branches and synapses on multiple neurons
Ex) Pinprick stimulates sensory neuron for motor response, conscious pain, and unconscious pain

Question 25

What are the functions of glial cells?

Answer 25

Provide structure
Transmit info
Neural development
Repair brain damage

Question 26

Types of Macroglia cells

Answer 26

Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Schwann Cells

Question 27

What are astrocytes?

Answer 27

Provide structure, regulates neuronal signaling, blood brain barrier, neural development, recovery from injury

Question 28

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 28

They produce myelin sheath in CNS

Question 29

What are Schwann Cells?

Answer 29

They produce myelin sheath in PNS

Question 30

Demyelination of Oligodendrocytes cause?

Answer 30

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) in CNS

Question 31

Demyelination of Schwann Cells cause?

Answer 31

Guillain-Barre in PNS