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Physiology Exam 2 > Neurophysiology Section 4- Part 2 > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Section 4- Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What has the function to maintain posture, to support the body against gravity, and to prove a stable platform for movement?

A

Motor system

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2
Q

What has the function to control voluntary movement and locomotion?

A

Motor system

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3
Q

All movement in an animals results through ______ and ______ of muscles

A

Flexion
Extension

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4
Q

What movements are dominated by flexor muscles?

A

Learned
Voluntary
Conscious
Skilled

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5
Q

What movements are dominated by extensor muscles?

A

Involuntary
Postural
Subconscious
Antigravity

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6
Q

What type of movements does the cerebral motor cortex, thalamus, and basal nuclei control?

A

Planning voluntary movements

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7
Q

What type of movements does the cerebellum and brain stem control?

A

Postural reflexes and coordination

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8
Q

What type of movements does the spinal cord and peripheral nerves control?

A

Reflexes and pattern generation

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9
Q

How many major axon routes are there?

A

4

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10
Q

What takes information from sensory organs of the head?

A

Brain stem

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11
Q

What takes information to skeletal muscles of face and head?

A

Brain stem

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12
Q

What takes information from sensory receptors of skin, muscle, and joints?

A

Spinal cord

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13
Q

What takes information to skeletal muscle of neck, trunk, and limbs?

A

Spinal cord

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14
Q

What motor pathway is responsible for the control of muscles involved in posture and skilled movements?

A

Descending brain stem

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15
Q

Where does sensory input come from when it goes to the brain stem axon routes?

A

Motor cortices and Sensory organs in head (ex:ears)

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16
Q

What does brainstem upper motor neurons influence?

A

Spinal lower motor neurons

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17
Q

What 3 tracts are located in the MEDIAL white matter of gray matter?

A

Reticulospinal
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal

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18
Q

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate?

A

Vestibular nuclei

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19
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract originate?

A

Superior colliculus

20
Q

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate?

A

Reticular formation

21
Q

What 3 tracts control axial and proximal musculature- which is involuntary maintenance of posture?

A

Vestibulo, tecto, and reticulo- spinal tracts

22
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?

A

Red nucleus

23
Q

Where does the rubrospinal tract go?

A

LATERAL white matter of grey matter

24
Q

What tract controls distal limb musculature- which is voluntary, skilled movement?

A

Rubrospinal tract

25
Q

What are cigar shaped areas extending over few spinal cord segments?

A

Motor neuron pools

26
Q

What do motor neuron pools contain?

A

Neuronal cell bodies

27
Q

What represents the simplest level in the movement control hierarchy?

A

Spinal cord

28
Q

Somatotopic organization:
MN pools whose axons innervate _____ ______ are located in more lateral parts of the ventral horn

A

Distal muscles

29
Q

Somatotopic organization:
MN pools associated with _______ and ________ musculature are located more medially in the general horn

A

Axial
Proximal

30
Q

What cell bodies are located in the intermediate zone and activate the LMN’s that innervate the muscles?

A

Premotor neuron cell bodies

31
Q

What has the following:
Sensory input: VIII cranial nerve and cerebellum

A

Vestibulospinal

32
Q

What has the following:
Information: Position the head and acceleration

A

Vestibulospinal tract

33
Q

What has the following:
Function: it detects disturbances of balance and activates antigravity musculature to counteract

A

Vestibulospinal tract

34
Q

What reflex is a combination of the vestibular, ocular, and muscle spindle organs in the neck musculature together with the vestibulospinal tract aiming to restore the normal posture in an animal that has fallen?

A

Righting reflex

35
Q

When a cat falls, what tract is used to help in the righting reflex?

A

Vestibulospinal tract

36
Q

What has the following:
Origin: Superior colliculus

A

Tectospinal tract

37
Q

What has the following:
Sensory and Input- visual, auditory, and somatosensory information about the relative position of stimuli in the environment with respect to the organism?

A

Tectospinal tract

38
Q

What has the following:
Function- controls muscles that move the head. Reflex orientation of the head toward environmental stimuli

A

Tectospinal tract

39
Q

What has the following:
Origin- reticular formation

A

Reticularspinal tract

40
Q

What has the following:
Sensory information important for pain perception, respiration, and circulation

A

Reticulospinal tract

41
Q

What has the following:
Function- antigravity regulation

A

Reticulospinal tract

42
Q

What has the following:
Origin:
Cells of the red nucleus of the midbrain

A

Rubrospinal tract

43
Q

What has the following:
Sensory input and info- cerebral cortex and cerebellum

A

Rubrospinal tract

44
Q

What has the following:
Function: voluntary control of skilled movements in extremities

A

Rubrospinal tract

45
Q

What is corticospinal tract also called?

A

Pyramidal tract/motor system

46
Q

What is a direct projection from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord?

A

Corticospinal tract

47
Q

What is responsible for the most skilled voluntary movements?

A

Corticospinal tract

Physiology Exam 2 (14 decks)

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