Neurophysiology Section 4- Part 2

Question 1

What has the function to maintain posture, to support the body against gravity, and to prove a stable platform for movement?

Answer 1

Motor system

Question 2

What has the function to control voluntary movement and locomotion?

Answer 2

Motor system

Question 3

All movement in an animals results through ______ and ______ of muscles

Answer 3

Flexion
Extension

Question 4

What movements are dominated by flexor muscles?

Answer 4

Learned
Voluntary
Conscious
Skilled

Question 5

What movements are dominated by extensor muscles?

Answer 5

Involuntary
Postural
Subconscious
Antigravity

Question 6

What type of movements does the cerebral motor cortex, thalamus, and basal nuclei control?

Answer 6

Planning voluntary movements

Question 7

What type of movements does the cerebellum and brain stem control?

Answer 7

Postural reflexes and coordination

Question 8

What type of movements does the spinal cord and peripheral nerves control?

Answer 8

Reflexes and pattern generation

Question 9

How many major axon routes are there?

Answer 9

4

Question 10

What takes information from sensory organs of the head?

Answer 10

Brain stem

Question 11

What takes information to skeletal muscles of face and head?

Answer 11

Brain stem

Question 12

What takes information from sensory receptors of skin, muscle, and joints?

Answer 12

Spinal cord

Question 13

What takes information to skeletal muscle of neck, trunk, and limbs?

Answer 13

Spinal cord

Question 14

What motor pathway is responsible for the control of muscles involved in posture and skilled movements?

Answer 14

Descending brain stem

Question 15

Where does sensory input come from when it goes to the brain stem axon routes?

Answer 15

Motor cortices and Sensory organs in head (ex:ears)

Question 16

What does brainstem upper motor neurons influence?

Answer 16

Spinal lower motor neurons

Question 17

What 3 tracts are located in the MEDIAL white matter of gray matter?

Answer 17

Reticulospinal
Tectospinal
Vestibulospinal

Question 18

Where does the vestibulospinal tract originate?

Answer 18

Vestibular nuclei

Question 19

Where does the tectospinal tract originate?

Answer 19

Superior colliculus

Question 20

Where does the reticulospinal tract originate?

Answer 20

Reticular formation

Question 21

What 3 tracts control axial and proximal musculature- which is involuntary maintenance of posture?

Answer 21

Vestibulo, tecto, and reticulo- spinal tracts

Question 22

Where does the rubrospinal tract originate?

Answer 22

Red nucleus

Question 23

Where does the rubrospinal tract go?

Answer 23

LATERAL white matter of grey matter

Question 24

What tract controls distal limb musculature- which is voluntary, skilled movement?

Answer 24

Rubrospinal tract

Question 25

What are cigar shaped areas extending over few spinal cord segments?

Answer 25

Motor neuron pools

Question 26

What do motor neuron pools contain?

Answer 26

Neuronal cell bodies

Question 27

What represents the simplest level in the movement control hierarchy?

Answer 27

Spinal cord

Question 28

Somatotopic organization: MN pools whose axons innervate _____ ______ are located in more lateral parts of the ventral horn

Answer 28

Distal muscles

Question 29

Somatotopic organization: MN pools associated with _______ and ________ musculature are located more medially in the general horn

Answer 29

Axial Proximal

Question 30

What cell bodies are located in the intermediate zone and activate the LMN’s that innervate the muscles?

Answer 30

Premotor neuron cell bodies

Question 31

What has the following: Sensory input: VIII cranial nerve and cerebellum

Answer 31

Vestibulospinal

Question 32

What has the following: Information: Position the head and acceleration

Answer 32

Vestibulospinal tract

Question 33

What has the following: Function: it detects disturbances of balance and activates antigravity musculature to counteract

Answer 33

Vestibulospinal tract

Question 34

What reflex is a combination of the vestibular, ocular, and muscle spindle organs in the neck musculature together with the vestibulospinal tract aiming to restore the normal posture in an animal that has fallen?

Answer 34

Righting reflex

Question 35

When a cat falls, what tract is used to help in the righting reflex?

Answer 35

Vestibulospinal tract

Question 36

What has the following: Origin: Superior colliculus

Answer 36

Tectospinal tract

Question 37

What has the following: Sensory and Input- visual, auditory, and somatosensory information about the relative position of stimuli in the environment with respect to the organism?

Answer 37

Tectospinal tract

Question 38

What has the following: Function- controls muscles that move the head. Reflex orientation of the head toward environmental stimuli

Answer 38

Tectospinal tract

Question 39

What has the following: Origin- reticular formation

Answer 39

Reticularspinal tract

Question 40

What has the following: Sensory information important for pain perception, respiration, and circulation

Answer 40

Reticulospinal tract

Question 41

What has the following: Function- antigravity regulation

Answer 41

Reticulospinal tract

Question 42

What has the following: Origin: Cells of the red nucleus of the midbrain

Answer 42

Rubrospinal tract

Question 43

What has the following: Sensory input and info- cerebral cortex and cerebellum

Answer 43

Rubrospinal tract

Question 44

What has the following: Function: voluntary control of skilled movements in extremities

Answer 44

Rubrospinal tract

Question 45

What is corticospinal tract also called?

Answer 45

Pyramidal tract/motor system

Question 46

What is a direct projection from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord?

Answer 46

Corticospinal tract

Question 47

What is responsible for the most skilled voluntary movements?

Answer 47

Corticospinal tract