Neurophysiology and Anatomy

Question 1

what are the 3 main subdivisions of the brain

Answer 1

cerebrum, Cerebellum and Brainstem.

Question 2

what are the lobes of the brain

Answer 2

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

Question 3

which subdivision fo the brain contains all sensory and motor associations

Answer 3

cerebrum

Question 4

where would you find the cerebrum

Answer 4

on top of the brain stem and is mainly involved in the control of posture and movement

Question 5

what is the function of the frontal lobe

Answer 5

Motor cortex, executive function, decision making, language ( motor expression of speech) , working memory, inhibition ( Phoenix gauge),

Question 6

what is the function of the temporal lobe

Answer 6

Memory. Language comprehension, deductive reasoning, Face recognition , Visual field processing

Question 7

what is the function of the occipital lobe

Answer 7

vision

Question 8

what is the function of the parietal lobe

Answer 8

processing somatosensory information, including touch, pain, temperature, and joint position

Question 9

what is the function of the cerebellum

Answer 9

Balance , truncal musculature instability

Question 10

what is the function of the reticular formation

Answer 10

Diffuse region of grey matter throughout the brain stem responsible for sleep and wakefulness

Question 11

what is the function of the limbic system (5Fs)

Answer 11

Feeding (satiety & hunger)
Forgetting (memory)
Fighting (emotional response)
Family (sexual reproduction and maternal instincts)
Fornicating (sexual arousal)

Question 12

what are the stages of an action potential

Answer 12

1. rest
2. stimulus
3. voltage rises
4. voltage falls
5. end of action potential
6. return

Question 13

what are the 6 main neurotransmitters

Answer 13

Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Glutamate
GABA (γ-aminobutyric acid)
Dopamine

Question 14

what is inappropriate fear

Answer 14

anxiety

Question 15

unbalance between what areas of the brain cause anxiety

Answer 15

frontal lobe and limbic system

limbic system may trigger fear responses too often and too easily
The frontal lobes may be unable to use logic to eliminate the fears sparked off by the limbic system.

Question 16

imbalance of what can cause imbalanced circadian rhythms

Answer 16

serotonin

Question 17

what is low in the CSF of a depressed patient

Answer 17

5-Hydroxyindoeacetic acid (5-HIAA)

Question 18

A 38-year-old woman was referred to a psychiatrist after telling her primary
care physician that she had difficulty sleeping (awakening at 4 AM frequently
for the past few months) and a lack of appetite causing a weight loss of over
20 lb. She also said she no longer enjoyed going out with her friends or doing
volunteer service for underprivileged children. What type of drug is her
doctor most likely to suggest as an initial step in her therapy?

A. A serotonergic receptor antagonist
B. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor
C. An inhibitor of monoamine oxidase
D. An amphetamine-like drug
E. A drug that causes an increase in both serotonin and dopamine levels

Question 19

A 55-year-old woman had been receiving long-term treatment with phenelzine for her depression. After she consumed Chianti wine, aged cheddar cheese, processed meats, and dried fruits one night at a party, the following symptoms developed: a severe headache, chest pain, rapid heartbeat, enlarged pupils, increased sensitivity to light, and nausea. What is the most likely cause of these symptoms?

A . The foods were contaminated with botulinum toxin.
B . She had a myocardial infarction.
C . She experienced a migraine headache.
D. She had an unexpected adverse reaction to the mixture of alcohol with her antidepressant.
E. She had a hypertensive crisis from eating foods high in tyramine while taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor for her depression.

Answer 19

E

Question 20

what are the 2 cholinergic pathways

Answer 20

1. brainstem
   2, basal forebrain pathway

Question 21

Which of the following statements correctly describes the processes involved in the synthesis, storage, release, binding to a receptor, and termination of action of a common neurotransmitter?

A. Glutamate is synthesized in glia by the enzymatic conversion from glutamine and then diffuses into the neuronal terminal where it is sequestered into vesicles until released by an influx of Ca2+ into the cytoplasm after an action potential reaches the nerve terminal, it binds exclusively to ligand-gated ion channel receptors, and is inactivated by reuptake into the nerve terminal.
B. Serotonin is synthesized from trytophan, stored in synaptic vesicles until its release into the synaptic cleft; it then acts primarily on GPCRs and its actions are terminated primarily by reuptake into the presynaptic nerve terminal.
C. Norepinephrine is the only small-molecule transmitter that is synthesized in synaptic vesicles instead of being transported into the vesicle after its synthesis from the amino acid phenylalanine. After its release in response to depolarization, it binds to ligand-gated ion channels or GPCRs and its action is terminated by reuptake into the nerve terminal.
D. Acetylcholine is synthesized from acetyne, transported from the cytoplasm into vesicles by a vesicle-associated membrane protein, released into the synaptic cleft in response to neuronal depolarization, acts on GPCRs, and its actions are terminated primarily by enzymatic degradation..

Answer 21

B