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Phys and Pharm > Neurophys Basics > Flashcards

Neurophys Basics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the brainstem comprised of?

A

medulla, pons, midbrain

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2
Q

The brainstem is where ________ arise

A

CN 3-12

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3
Q

Medulla “inner region” of the brainstem

A

regulate breathing and blood pressure,
swallowing, coughing, and vomiting reflexes

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4
Q

Pons” bridge” of the brainstem

A

Balance, posture, breathing

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5
Q

Mid brain of the brain stem

A

Auditory and visual

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6
Q

What is the function of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of movement
Planning & execution of mvmt
Posture, head and eye mvmts
Position - integrates info from spinal cord to cerebral cortex and inner ear (vestibular system)

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7
Q

What is the diencephalon “between brain”?

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus
Grand central for sensory and motor info b/n cerebral cortex and spinal cord

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8
Q

What are cerebral hemispheres?

A

Cerebral cortex,
white matter tracts (all the axons)
3 deep nuclei (BG, Hipp, amyg)

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9
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital

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10
Q

The cerebral cortex is compromised of _______ and ________ systems which provides info encoded neural maps.This ______ coding is preserved at each level of the nervous system. In the cerebral cortex as sensory and motor _________.

A
  1. Sensory, motor systems,
  2. topographic coding
  3. preserved homunculus
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11
Q

What does Cerebral spinal fluid bathe and what is it made by?

A

Brain/spinal cord is bathed in fluid
Made by choroid plexus in ventricles
500 mL/day- Drains into venous system

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12
Q

The blood brain barrier consists of

A

capillary endothelial cells and + basement membrane, + neuroglial membrane, + glial end feet (projections of astrocytes from the brain side of the barrier)

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13
Q

What are the two ways in which the BBB differs from other barriers in tissues?

A
  1. The junctions between endothelial cells in the brain are so “tight” that few substances can crossbetweenthe cells.
  2. Only a few substances can passthroughthe endothelial cells: Lipid-soluble substances (e.g., oxygen and carbon dioxide) can cross the blood-brain barrier, but water-soluble substances are excluded.
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14
Q

T/F is there a lymphatic system in the brain?

A

True

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15
Q

What are the meninges?

A

Several connective tissue sheaths
1. pia mater- attached to the brain
2. subarachnoid- between arachnoid and pia- filled with CSF.
3. arachnoid
4. dura mater- thickest, most durable attached to inner surface of skull

Arachnoid and pia are continuous

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16
Q

What is the most caudal portion of the CNS?

A

Spinal cord

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17
Q

What are the two pathways of the spinal cord?

A
  1. Ascending pathway brings sensory info -> brain
  2. Descending motor commands from brain
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18
Q

What does the spinal cord communicate with the PNS through?

A

31 pairs of spinal nerves containing
sensory (Afferent) and Motor (Efferent) nerves.

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19
Q

Where is the spinal cord located?

A

Base of skull to 1st lumbar vertebra in adults

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20
Q

Why does cervical and lumbar have more gray matter than the thoracic?

A

they have a lot more to take of so they have more gray matter

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21
Q

Dorsal root ganglion is responsible for ______

A

sensory

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22
Q

Ventral root ganglion is responsible for__________

A

motor

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23
Q

The spinal cord is divided into segments each segments has a b/l pair of bundled nerve fibers called ____________. The pair= __________ roots and __________ roots accompanied by blood vessels.

A
  1. roots
  2. ventral, dorsal
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24
Q

Afferent = ________ and Efferent =__________

A

arrive, exit

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25
Q

What are reflexes?

A

Response between a stimuli and an elicited motor reaction

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26
Q

Reflexes are only between _________, _________, ____ “The reflex Arch”

A

afferent (sensory) nerve
CNS interneuron,
an efferent (motor) nerve

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27
Q

There are 3 types of reflexes differing in their complexities. Which one is the simplest reflex?

A

Stretch(myotatic)reflex is simplest of all- ex: knee-jerk

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28
Q

What is a plexus and what are the 4 plexuses (PNS)?

A

(branching network) of intersecting nerves. A nerve plexus is composed of afferent and efferent fibers that arise from the merging of the anterior rami of spinal nerves and blood vessels.
Cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral

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29
Q

White matter

A

the axon with its myelin sheith

30
Q

What are the supporting cells in the PNS?

A

Satellite and Schwann cells

31
Q

More myelin on the neuron increases _______ of the nerve

A

conduction. more myelin= faster

32
Q

What are 4th order neuron examples?

A

last at the stop, more in the brain in the cerebral cortex
Hearing- Primary auditory cortex
Vision -primary visual cortex

33
Q

Somatosensory (PNS) has senses related to

A

touch, position (proprioception), pain, temp

34
Q

1st order neuron interacts with ___________

A

external world

35
Q

What are the somatosensory pathways?

A

Info from the limbs and trunk share a common class of sensory neurons > dorsal root ganglion neurons the first order neuron

Each dorsal root ganglia correspond to a specific region of the body- a strip called the Dermatome

36
Q

What is the anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway responsible for?

A

sensory pathway so tract going up to the brain and it has to do with the pain and cutaneous pain

37
Q

What is the visceral origin of the Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway?

A

responsible for pain and cutaneous pain
Low density of nociceptors compared to skin so considerable divergence within CNS- in other words a single visceral afferent nerve goes to many second order neurons

The level where the visceral afferent input occurs with the superficial afferent input results in referred pain

38
Q

What are the types of receptors in the sensory PNS?

A

Classified based on type of stimulus it receives
Mechanoreceptors
Photo-
Chemo-
Thermo-
Nocio-
they are 1st order neurons and they are designed to pick up these types of stimuli.

The environmental stimulus causes a change in the receptor membrane> action potential> to next neuron along sensory pathway

39
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

single motoneuron + muscle fibers it innervates.

Large motoneuron> many muscle fibers> bigger contraction

40
Q

The motor system of the PNS is directed by the upper motor neurons in the ________

A

primary motor cortex (motor homunculus)*sz
via descending pathways

41
Q

The motor system conducts ________ movements

A

voluntary (execution)

42
Q

In the motor system of the PNS motor movement is complex, what are the structures involved?

A

BG, thalamus,
Cerebellum,
premotor cortex

43
Q

A resting potential is

A

-70 mv

44
Q

What is synaptic transmission?

A

How one neuron communicates with another cell

45
Q

What are the different types of synaptic transmissions?

A
  1. electrical-gap junctions. Current travels from one neuron to another
  2. Chemical- most common
    -Presynaptic (neuron 1) and postsynaptic (neuron 2)
    -Excitatory (causing an action potential) or inhibitory chemical released (hyperpolarization thus refractory)
    -Slow
    -Axodendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic, etc…
    -Chemicals are neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and neurotrophic (growth)
    -Neurotransmitter types- amino acids, neuropeptides, monoamines
46
Q

3 ways to clear the neurotransmitter

A
  1. reuptake
  2. diffusion
  3. metabolite to help break it down into something else so it doesn’t bind to the receptors
47
Q

Cell body of motoneuron is the presynaptic neuron which releases ________ which activates the _____________located on motor end plate of a skeletal muscle.

A

acetylcholine, nicotinic receptors

48
Q

Overall, what is the somatic nervous system in charge of?

A

voluntary movement

49
Q

Overall, what does the autonomic system do?

A

controls functions of visceral organs- BP, temp, digestion

50
Q

Where does the preganglionic neuron originate?

A

CNS

51
Q

Where does the postganglionic neurons reside in?

A

ganglia outside of CNS

52
Q

Postganglionic axons travel via ______ to ______

A

synapse on visceral organs:
Heart, bronchioles, vascular smooth mm, GI tract, bladder, genitalia

53
Q

All PREganglionic cells used neurons to release_______. POSTganglionic cells release _____ or _______ or _______.

A
  1. acetylcholine
  2. acetylcholine or norepinephrine or neuropeptides
54
Q

Sympathetic nervous system: Where do the preganglionic neurons originate and how do they exit?

A

Preganglionic neurons originate In spinal cord (thoracolumbar) leave via the ventral motor roots to paraveterbral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia

55
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system: preganglionic neruons are in the _______ and ________ segments.

A

brainstem and sacral

56
Q

Preganglionic neurons are always _________. They release ________ on ___________ of postganglionic neurons.

A

cholinergic, aCh, nicotinic receptors

57
Q

Postganglionic neurons releases ________ to act on __________ receptors.

A

Norepiniephrine, adrengeric

58
Q

Cranial nerves are where the sensory and motor efferent terminate/emerge are nuclei found in the _______ and ________

A

cerebrum, brainstem.

59
Q

Internal carotid supplies blood to most of the __________

A

cerebrum

60
Q

Vertebral arteries supplies blood to the __________ and ________

A

brainstem and cerebellum

61
Q

The internal carotid artery ascends through the neck and it goes through temporal bone through sinus to reach the base of the brain. At the _________ then bifurcates into _______ and _________ cerebral arteries.

A
  1. optic chiasm
  2. middle, anterior
62
Q

The vertebral arteries are between the medulla and pons and they fuse to form _________. Then at the midbdrain it bifurcates into the ________ cerebral arteries after giving off branches to the _________ arteries.

A
  1. basilar artery
  2. posterior
  3. cerebellar arteries.
63
Q

What is the circle of willis?

A

An arterial polygon connecting:
anterior cerebral
internal carotid
posterior cerebral arteries

Usually little blood flow through posterior communicating arteries but great back-up collateral!

64
Q

Cerebral veins empty into the ______ and ultimately the ________

A

dural venous, internal jugulars

65
Q

The nerve roots fuse at the _________ forming a ______ nerve. After emerging from the vertebral column, divided into ______, _______, > mix together > skin and muscles

A
  1. intervertebral foramen
  2. mix
  3. rami, form plexuses
66
Q

Neuroglial cells

A

give neurons protection and metabolic support

67
Q

Astrocytes

A

help form blood brain barriers, in CNS

68
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

produces myelin in the CNS

69
Q

Schwann cells

A

produces myelin in the in the PNS

70
Q

What is myelin

A

lipid blanket around nerve helps conduction – known as white matter

71
Q

What are the supporting cells in the CNS

A
  1. Oligodendendrocyte- form myelin in the CNS (aka schwann in PNS)

2.Astrocytes:
1. lots in gray matter
2. many roles esp repair and scar formation called gliosis.

  1. Microglia: phagocyte- cleans up debris.
  2. Ependymal: lines ventricular system- have to with producing CSF

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