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Phys and Pharm > MSK Phys > Flashcards

MSK Phys Flashcards

1
Q

The musculoskeletal system is considered to include:

A
  1. Bones
  2. Cartilage of the skeletal system
  3. Connective tissue structures
    -Ligaments (bone to bone)
    -Tendons (muscles to bone)
    4.Muscles
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2
Q

The axial skeleton

A

-Composed of the bones of the skull, thorax, and vertebral column
-Forms the axis of the body

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3
Q

The appendicular skeleton

A

Consists of the bones of the upper and lower extremities, including the shoulder and hip

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4
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A
  1. Serves as a framework for the attachment of muscles, tendons, and ligaments
  2. Protects and maintains soft tissues in their proper position
  3. Provides stability for the body
  4. Maintains the body’s shape
  5. Acts as a storage reservoir for calcium
  6. Contains the hematopoietic connective tissue in which blood cells are formed
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5
Q

Bone is a CT in which the intercellular matrix has been impregnated with ___________

A

inorganic calcium salts

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6
Q

Bone has great tensile and compressible strength but is light enough to be moves by coordinates __________

A

muscle contractions

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7
Q

What is the composition of bone: 2 types of substances

A

organic matter
inorganic salts

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8
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A

-Forms the outer shell of a bone, and the diaphysis of long bones
-Has a densely packed calcified intercellular matrix that makes it more rigid than cancellous bone

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9
Q

Cancellous (spongy) bone

A

-Found in the interior and epiphyseal ends of long bones
-Composed of trabeculae, or spicules, of bone that form a lattice-like pattern

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10
Q

Long bones

A

Found in the upper and lower extremities

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11
Q

Short bones

A

Irregularly shaped bones located in the ankle and the wrist

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12
Q

Flat bones

A

-Composed of a layer of spongy bone between two layers of compact bone

-Found in areas such as the skull and rib cage

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13
Q

Epiphyses

A

end of bone

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14
Q

Diaphyses

A

shaft

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15
Q

Metaphysis

A

growing bone

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16
Q

Growth plate

A

separates epiphysis and metaphysis until puberty

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17
Q

Lamellar bone

A

mature bone

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18
Q

Woven bone

A

temporary scaffolding for support

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19
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells

A

(poorly differentiated, they will turn into bone, precursor to bone)
Found in periosteum endosteum, and growth plates
Undifferentiated
Typically become osteoblasts

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20
Q

What are Osteoblasts and what do they secrete? What should one consider if alkaline phosphate is elevated?

A

They Build bone
Synthesize, secrete, and help calcify organic matrix of bone
Secrete growth factors, tumor necrosis factors, and alkaline phosphatase
if the reason is because of bone or from liver. It will raise calcium and when you raise level to certain amount it will deposit on bone matrix that was created

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21
Q

Osteocytes

A

Mature bone
Maintain bone matrix
Release calcium into blood

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22
Q

Osteoclasts

A

Phagocytic
Resorb bone
Release calcium and phosphate from bone via acidic secretion
Inhibited by calcitonin and estrogen, stimulated by PTH

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23
Q

Why is estrogen clinically important in osteoclasts?

A

In women as time goes on and they menopause, they lose the inhibition of osteoclasts. So one can see osteoporosis. Most young women dont have bone issues bc estrogen is protected. Those who have high estrogen are protected from osteoclastic activity.

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24
Q

What is cartilage?

A

A firm but flexible type of connective tissue

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25
Q

What is the composition of cartilage?

A

Cells and intercellular fibers embedded in an amorphous, gel-like material

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26
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A

Elastic cartilage: ear
Hyaline cartilage: nose
Fibrocartilage: IV discs

27
Q

Collagen

A

-An inelastic and insoluble fibrous protein
-Has great tensile strength
-Tissues that contain large numbers of collagenous fibers generally appear white

28
Q

Elastin

A

The major component of elastic fibers that allows them to stretch several times their length and rapidly return to their original shape when the tension is released

29
Q

Bone is a huge storage for________

A

calcium.

30
Q

What hormones/vitamins regulate bone/calcium?

A
  1. Parathyroid hormone: secreted by the parathyroid glands
  2. Calcitonin: secreted by the parafollicular (c-cells) in thyroid
  3. Vitamin D: absorbed from GI tract or synthesized in skin
  4. Cortisol
  5. Growth hormone
  6. Thyroid hormone
  7. Sex hormones
31
Q

What are the actions of Parathyroid hormone (PTH) ?

A
  1. Increases intestinal absorption of calcium
  2. Increases bone resorption with chronic exposure
  3. Decreases bone formation
32
Q

What are the actions of calcitonin?

A

Increases renal excretion of calcium
Decreases bone resorption

33
Q

What are the actions of vitamin D?

A

Increases intestinal absorption of calcium

34
Q

Tendons attach ______ to ______

A

muscle, bone

35
Q

T/F tendons are inextensible

A

True

36
Q

What are tendons enveloped by?

A

loose CT blood vessels and nerves

37
Q

What are tendons?

A

fibrous thickenings of the articular capsule that join one bone to its articulating mate

38
Q

Ligaments connect _______ to ________

A

bone to bone

39
Q

Articulations are areas where _________

A

two or more bones meet

40
Q

What are the joints based on and what are the classes of joints?

A

Based on movement and the presence of a joint cavity

  1. Synarthroses: lack a joint cavity; move little or not at all
  2. Diarthroses: are freely movable
41
Q

What is nerve supply in synovial joints supplied by?

A

nerve trunks that supply the muscles that move the joints

42
Q

Each joint of an extremity is innervated by all the ________ that cross the articulation. What does this result in?

A

peripheral nerves. results in referral of pain from one joint to another

43
Q

What are bursae, where are they found and what do they contain?

A

Closed sacs that are not part of the joint
Found in some diarthrotic joints
Contain synovial fluid

44
Q

What do bursae prevent?

A

friction on a tendon

45
Q

Intra-articular menisci

A

-fibrocartilage structures that develop from portions of the articular disk
-occupied the space between articular cartilage surfaces during fetal development

46
Q

Menisci may

A

-extend part way through the joint and have a free inner border, as at the lateral and medial articular surfaces of the knee, or

-extend through the joint, separating it into two separate cavities, as in the sternoclavicular joint.

47
Q

What is the most abundant tissue in the body?

A

muscle

48
Q

Muscle is attached to bone via ________

A

tendons
-origin
-insertion

49
Q

__________ are responsible for the movement of the skeleton

A

contractions

50
Q

Muscles often grouped to facilitate certain movements, what are they?

A

Flexors
Extensors

51
Q

What are the types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A

Connective tissue
Vasculature
Nerve fibers

52
Q

The strength of a muscle’s contraction can be controlled by two factors:

A
  1. Number of motor units involved in contraction
  2. Amount of stimulus from the nervous system
53
Q

Twitch

A

A single nerve impulse of a motor neuron will cause a motor unit to contract briefly before relaxing

54
Q

Tetanus contraction

A

rely on multiple nerve impulses and allows for continued type of contractions

55
Q

Tetanus contraction will remain in tetanus until:

A
  1. nerve signal rate slows
  2. muscle becomes too fatigued to maintain the tetanic contraction
56
Q

Isometric contractions

A

light contractions that increase the tension in the muscle without exerting enough force to move a body part

57
Q

Isotonic contraction

A

contraction that produces movement is an isotonic contraction

58
Q

Muscle tone

A

natural condition in which a skeletal muscle stays partially contracted at all times and provides slight tension on the muscle

59
Q

Why is muscle tone important?

A
  1. Prevent damage to the muscle and joints from sudden movements
  2. Helps to maintain the body’s posture
60
Q

Skeletal muscle cells are ____________

A

multinucleated

61
Q

____________ are the structural and functional units of skeletal muscle

A

sarcomeres

62
Q

The ____________ stores calcium that is released after action potential conducted over the surface of muscle fiber called __________

A

sarcoplasmic reticulum, T-tubule

63
Q

What is the process of a skeletal muscle contraction?

A

contraction of muscle occurs when SR released calcium > calcium binds on troponin removing tropomyosin > myosin binds to actin > actin pulled on by myosin > shortens sarcomere and contracts muscle> when stimulation ceases, SR pumps calcium back in to stop muscle contraction

Phys and Pharm (16 decks)

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