Adrenal Secretion Phys

Question 1

What do the adrenals secrete?

Answer 1

epinephrine/norepi, steroids, amines

Question 2

What are the 4 types of adrenocortical hormones?

Answer 2

1. glucocorticoids (cortisol)
2. mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
3. Androgens
4. Estrogens

Question 3

The ______ is in the INNER layer of the adrenal gland. What does it secrete?

Answer 3

medulla, epi/norepi

Question 4

Zona fasciculata is for _______ production

Answer 4

cortisol

Question 5

Zona glomerulosa is for _________ production

Answer 5

mineralocorticoids

Question 6

Zona reticularis is for ________ production

Answer 6

androgens, estrogen

Question 7

What does the HPA axis do?

Answer 7

regulates feedback for glucocorticoid hormones (mainly cortisol)

Question 8

In the HPA axis, the ________ hormone is important in controlling ACTH release

Answer 8

Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 9

Cortisol levels ______ as ACTH ____

Answer 9

increase, rises

Question 10

What does the hypothalamus produce?

Answer 10

corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

Question 11

What does the pituitary produce?

Answer 11

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Question 12

What does the adrenals produce?

Answer 12

cortisol

Question 13

Intake of ______________ can DECREASE activity of axis

Answer 13

exogenous corticosteroids

Question 14

What are issues that you can see with patients taking exogenous corticosteroids?

Answer 14

1. patients take corticosteroids over long term
2. patients are not weaned off properly

Question 15

Cortisol is a glucocorticoid hormone and is produced by the ____________ and regulated by the __________

Answer 15

zona fasciculate, HPA axis

Question 16

What is cortisol stimulated by and what does it help the body control the use of?

Answer 16

stress and it helps control the bodys use of fats, proteins and carbs.

Question 17

Cortisol stimulates _________

Answer 17

glucogenisis

Question 18

What are the functions of cortisol?

Answer 18

1. suppresses inflammation
2. regulates bp
3. increases blood sugar
4. increases osteoclastic activity of bone
5. helps control the sleep/wake cycle

Question 19

Aldosterone is a mineralcorticoid hormone produced by the ______ and regulated by the ______

Answer 19

zona glomerulosa, RAS system

Question 20

Aldosterone is essential in the regulation of _______,______ and_________

Answer 20

1. bp
2. sodium- retained by the distal tubules of the kidney while increasing urinary loses of K
3. potassium

Question 21

How does aldosterone help regulate the blood pH?

Answer 21

by controlling the levels of electrolytes in the blood

Question 22

Epi/Norepi is produced by the adrenal medulla and it is stimulated by _____ and initiates the________

Answer 22

stress, flight or fight response

Question 23

What are the functions of epi/norepi

Answer 23

1. Increase heart rate and force of heart contractions
2. Increase blood flow to the muscles and brain
3. Relax airway smooth muscles
4. Assisting in glucose metabolism
5. Initiate vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure and 6.Increasing it in response to stress.

Question 24

Androgens is found in males and females but in females ________ is metabolized and extracted almost completely by the ______

Answer 24

testosterone, liver

Question 25

What are the 3 types of androgens?

Answer 25

1. Weak
   -DHEA and metabolite
   -adrenal gland
2. Moderate
   -Delta-4-androstenedione
   -Adrenal cortex and ovary
3. Strong
   -Testosterone
   -Adrenal cortex, ovary, testes, peripheral tissues

Question 26

Testosterone is the major androgen that is metabolized to _______ converted to ___________ in peripheral tissue and is excreted in urine.

Answer 26

DHT, androstenediol

Question 27

Testosterone circulates PARTIALLY bound to _________, unbound drug is considered “free” and leads to increased biologic effects (e.g. hirsutism)

Answer 27

SHBG