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Phys and Pharm > Endocrine Phys and Pituitary Phys > Flashcards

Endocrine Phys and Pituitary Phys Flashcards

1
Q

What are many hormones regulated by?

A

feed-back mechanisms

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2
Q

The ___________ exerts control over many endocrine glands and other physiologic functions

A

Hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis

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3
Q

What are primary endocrine disorders ?

A

Defect originates in the target gland responsible for producing hormone

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4
Q

What are secondary endocrine disorders?

A

Target gland is normal, function is altered by defective levels of stimulating hormone or releasing factors from pituitary

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5
Q

What are tertiary endocrine disorders?

A

Results from hypothalmic dysfunction; both pituitary and target organs are under-stimulated

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6
Q

What are gland defects

A
  1. Congenital defects
    -Absence/impaired development
    -Absence of enzyme needed for hormone synthesis
  2. Destruction of the gland
    -Ischemia/Infarction
    -Infectious
    -Autoimmune
    -Neoplastic
  3. Decline in function with age
  4. Drug-induced
  5. Idiopathic atrophy
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7
Q

What is hyperfunction?

A

Excessive stimulation of the gland
Hyperplasia
Hormone producing tumor
-Of the gland
-Ectopic

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8
Q

What are anterior pituitary hormones ?

A

“Go Look For The Adenoma Please”
1. Growth Hormone (GH) 2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 5. Leuteinizing Hormone (LH) 6. Prolactin

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9
Q

What are posterior pituitary hormones?

A
  1. Oxytocin 2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
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10
Q

Growth hormone (GH)

A

Stimulates growth of bone/muscle, promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism, decreases carbohydrate metabolism

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11
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone

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12
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

A

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones

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13
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

A

Increases water reabsorption from kidney

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14
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females

A

stimulates growth of corpus luteum, release of oocyte, production of estrogen and progesterone

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15
Q

Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males

A

stimulates secretion of testosterone, development of interstitial tissues of testes

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16
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in females

A

stimulates growth of ovarian follicle, ovulation

17
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males

A

stimulates sperm production

18
Q

Prolactin

A

Prepares female breast tissue for breast feeding
Stimulation of lactation postpartum

19
Q

Oxytoxin

A

Stimulates contraction of pregnant uterus, milk ejection from breasts postpartum

20
Q

What are the hormones necessary for normal growth?

A
  1. Insulin: carbohydrate and fat metabolism and others
  2. Thyroid: bone growth and epiphysis closure is delayed
  3. Androgens: anabolic growth from protein synthesis
  4. Glucocorticoids antagonizes GH at excessive levels
21
Q

What is growth hormone also called

A

somatotropin and it is secreted by somatotropes

22
Q

Growth hormones are responsible for ______ and __________

A

growth, metabolic function

23
Q

What is growth hormone regulated by?

A

GH-releasing hormone (↑) and somatostatin (↓)

24
Q

What is growth hormone secreted by?

A

hypoglycemia, ↑ amino acids in blood and stress

25
Q

Growth hormone provides DIRECT effects through its actions on binding to _______ to stimulate a response

A

target cells

26
Q

Growth hormone provides INDIRECT effects by the action of ___________

A

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

27
Q

________ primarily secrete in response to elevated ________ binding to surface receptors

A

Hepatocytes, GH

28
Q

Multiple affects of _____ and _____ encourage growth of tissues

A

GH, IGF

29
Q

How does GH affect the cartilage and bone in adolescent years?

A

Chondrocytes and osteoblasts receive GH signals to increase replication and thus allow for growth in size

30
Q

Insulin-like growth factor-1 binds to its receptor, IGF-1R, on the cellular surface and activates pathways to increase

A

metabolism, anabolism, and cellular replication

31
Q

GH inhibits ______ of the cell and prolongs the lifespan of existing cells

A

apoptosis

32
Q

How does GH impact metabolism?

A

by up-regulating the production of insulin-like growth factor-

33
Q

What do peripheral cells do in metabolism

A
  1. Increase amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and decrease protein catabolism

2.Fats are processed and consumed by stimulating triglyceride breakdown and oxidation in adipocytes.

34
Q

GH suppresses insulin’s ability to stimulate _________ by peripheral tissues which then causes what?

A

glucose uptake
-Causes an increased rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver

-Leads to an overall hyperglycemic state

35
Q

What are receptor defects?

A

-Absent hormone receptors

-Defective receptor binding of hormones

-Impaired cellular response to hormone

Phys and Pharm (16 decks)

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