Endocrine Phys and Pituitary Phys

Question 1

What are many hormones regulated by?

Answer 1

feed-back mechanisms

Question 2

The ___________ exerts control over many endocrine glands and other physiologic functions

Answer 2

Hypothalamic-pituitary (H-P) axis

Question 3

What are primary endocrine disorders ?

Answer 3

Defect originates in the target gland responsible for producing hormone

Question 4

What are secondary endocrine disorders?

Answer 4

Target gland is normal, function is altered by defective levels of stimulating hormone or releasing factors from pituitary

Question 5

What are tertiary endocrine disorders?

Answer 5

Results from hypothalmic dysfunction; both pituitary and target organs are under-stimulated

Question 6

What are gland defects

Answer 6

1. Congenital defects
   -Absence/impaired development
   -Absence of enzyme needed for hormone synthesis
2. Destruction of the gland
   -Ischemia/Infarction
   -Infectious
   -Autoimmune
   -Neoplastic
3. Decline in function with age
4. Drug-induced
5. Idiopathic atrophy

Question 7

What is hyperfunction?

Answer 7

Excessive stimulation of the gland
Hyperplasia
Hormone producing tumor
-Of the gland
-Ectopic

Question 8

What are anterior pituitary hormones ?

Answer 8

“Go Look For The Adenoma Please”
1. Growth Hormone (GH) 2. Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
3. Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
4. Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) 5. Leuteinizing Hormone (LH) 6. Prolactin

Question 9

What are posterior pituitary hormones?

Answer 9

1. Oxytocin 2. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Question 10

Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 10

Stimulates growth of bone/muscle, promotes protein synthesis and fat metabolism, decreases carbohydrate metabolism

Question 11

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 11

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormone

Question 12

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 12

Stimulates synthesis and secretion of adrenal cortical hormones

Question 13

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Answer 13

Increases water reabsorption from kidney

Question 14

Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females

Answer 14

stimulates growth of corpus luteum, release of oocyte, production of estrogen and progesterone

Question 15

Luteinizing hormone (LH) in males

Answer 15

stimulates secretion of testosterone, development of interstitial tissues of testes

Question 16

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in females

Answer 16

stimulates growth of ovarian follicle, ovulation

Question 17

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) in males

Answer 17

stimulates sperm production

Question 18

Prolactin

Answer 18

Prepares female breast tissue for breast feeding
Stimulation of lactation postpartum

Question 19

Oxytoxin

Answer 19

Stimulates contraction of pregnant uterus, milk ejection from breasts postpartum

Question 20

What are the hormones necessary for normal growth?

Answer 20

1. Insulin: carbohydrate and fat metabolism and others
2. Thyroid: bone growth and epiphysis closure is delayed
3. Androgens: anabolic growth from protein synthesis
4. Glucocorticoids antagonizes GH at excessive levels

Question 21

What is growth hormone also called

Answer 21

somatotropin and it is secreted by somatotropes

Question 22

Growth hormones are responsible for ______ and __________

Answer 22

growth, metabolic function

Question 23

What is growth hormone regulated by?

Answer 23

GH-releasing hormone (↑) and somatostatin (↓)

Question 24

What is growth hormone secreted by?

Answer 24

hypoglycemia, ↑ amino acids in blood and stress

Question 25

Growth hormone provides DIRECT effects through its actions on binding to _______ to stimulate a response

Answer 25

target cells

Question 26

Growth hormone provides INDIRECT effects by the action of ___________

Answer 26

insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)

Question 27

________ primarily secrete in response to elevated ________ binding to surface receptors

Answer 27

Hepatocytes, GH

Question 28

Multiple affects of _____ and _____ encourage growth of tissues

Answer 28

GH, IGF

Question 29

How does GH affect the cartilage and bone in adolescent years?

Answer 29

Chondrocytes and osteoblasts receive GH signals to increase replication and thus allow for growth in size

Question 30

Insulin-like growth factor-1 binds to its receptor, IGF-1R, on the cellular surface and activates pathways to increase

Answer 30

metabolism, anabolism, and cellular replication

Question 31

GH inhibits ______ of the cell and prolongs the lifespan of existing cells

Answer 31

apoptosis

Question 32

How does GH impact metabolism?

Answer 32

by up-regulating the production of insulin-like growth factor-

Question 33

What do peripheral cells do in metabolism

Answer 33

1. Increase amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, and decrease protein catabolism 2.Fats are processed and consumed by stimulating triglyceride breakdown and oxidation in adipocytes.

Question 34

GH suppresses insulin’s ability to stimulate _________ by peripheral tissues which then causes what?

Answer 34

glucose uptake -Causes an increased rate of gluconeogenesis in the liver -Leads to an overall hyperglycemic state

Question 35

What are receptor defects?

Answer 35

-Absent hormone receptors -Defective receptor binding of hormones -Impaired cellular response to hormone