Glucose Regulation Energy Phys

Question 1

The body’s fuel supply is largely controlled by the_____, in response to hormones from the_____

Answer 1

liver, pancreas

Question 2

________ is a very efficient fuel. The brain relies almost exclusively on it as a fuel source. It requires constant supply from the_____

Answer 2

glucose, systemic circulation

Question 3

Glucose levels are regulated between

Answer 3

80-90 mg/dl

Question 4

Glucose levels rise after _______ and ______ is released

Answer 4

food indigestion, insulin

Question 5

What is insulin required for?

Answer 5

for cells to use glucose as fuel

Question 6

The rest of ingested glucose is stores in the liver as ________ to be released as needed in between meals. It can also be stored in _______ to be used as needed.

Answer 6

glycogen, skeletal muscle

Question 7

Glycogenolysis=

Answer 7

break down glycogen to glucose

Question 8

Gluconeogenesis =

Answer 8

liver makes new glucose using amino acids, glycerol, and lactic acid

Question 9

What is the most dense form of a fuel storage?

Answer 9

fat

Question 10

What does triglyceride metabolism produce?

Answer 10

glycerol and fatty acids

Question 11

_____ is used to make glucose to produce energy

Answer 11

glycerol

Question 12

_______ can be used by most cells for energy (just not the brain_

Answer 12

fatty acids

Question 13

When fatty acids are used for energy, _____ are formed

Answer 13

ketones

Question 14

When does ketoacidosis occur?

Answer 14

when there is decreased availability of glucose or insulin and the body relies heavily on fatty acids as fuel

Question 15

______are crucial for the formation of all body structures and ______ are it building block

Answer 15

protein, amino acids

Question 16

_____ and _____ are stored EASILY in the body but ______ are not stored well.

Answer 16

glucose, fatty acids, proteins

Question 17

Excess protein is converted to _______or _______

Answer 17

fatty acids, glucose

Question 18

During times of decreased glucose intake, __________ are key for gluconeogenisis. Therefore, the liver can use protein to make glucose.

Answer 18

amino acids

Question 19

The pancreas primarily controls blood glucose. It is made up of 2 cells, what are they?

Answer 19

1. Acini – secrete digestive juices into the duodenum
2. Islets of Langerhans – secrete hormones into the blood
   *Beta cells – secrete insulin and amylin
   *Alpha cells – secrete glucagon
   *Delta cells – secrete somatostatin

Question 20

What is the only hormone that acts to lower blood glucose levels?

Answer 20

insulin

Question 21

How is insulin formed?

Answer 21

by cleaving away the c-peptide of the larger proinsulin molecule leaving the A and B polypeptide chains which forms the active form of insulin

Question 22

What is the half life of insulin?

Answer 22

very short- 6 min

Question 23

What is insulin cleared by?

Answer 23

the liver, enyme insulinase

Question 24

C peptide molecules can be measured and are used as a measure of _____________

Answer 24

insulin production

Question 25

What are the actions of insulin?

Answer 25

1. Prompts glucose uptake by target cells and storage of glucose as glycogen
2. Inhibits fat and glycogen breakdown
3. Inhibits gluconeogenesis

Question 26

_________ release insulin when glucose levels rise

Answer 26

beta cells

Question 27

Insulin CANNOT enter the cell and glucose cant enter without insulin. Insulin never enters the cell, what does it do instead?

Answer 27

it binds to a receptor and activates the glucose transport proteins so that glucose can be transported into the cell.

Question 28

_______ is a molecule produced by alpha cells in response to a decrease in glucose

Answer 28

glucagon

Question 29

Glucagon helps maintain _________ and it increases during ________

Answer 29

glucose levels between meals, strenuous activity

Question 30

When glucagon is released, it travels to the liver and causes the liver to breakdown _____________

Answer 30

glycogen stores (glycogenolsysis)

Question 31

Glucagon increases the transport of ________ into the liver and stimulates ___________ into new glucose (glucogenisis)

Answer 31

amino acids, protein conversion

Question 32

What are the functions of somatostatin?

Answer 32

1. Acts locally to decrease release of both insulin and glucagon
2. Triggered by ingestion of food
3. Decreases gastrointestinal motility – increases time in which nutrients are available in the bloodstream

Question 33

What is the function of amylin?

Answer 33

1. Increase with food ingestion
2. Helps insulin regulate plasma glucose by suppressing glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying

Question 34

What are “gut derived hormones”?

Answer 34

Incretin effect = increase insulin release and decrease glucagon release when the plasma glucose is elevated

Question 35

Which other two hormones act with glucagon to counteract the storage functions of insulin to regulate blood glucose levels during fasting, exercise, etc?

Answer 35

1. Epi
2. Glucocorticoid (steroids)

Question 36

What is the function of epi?

Answer 36

1. Stimulates glycogenolysis in the liver
2. Inhibits insulin release
3. Encourages muscle glycogen breakdown

Question 37

What is the function of Glucocorticoid (steroid)?

Answer 37

1. Synthesized in the adrenal cortex
2. Critical during times of starvation/fasting
3. Stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver

Question 38

What is a side effect of glucocorticoids (steroids)

Answer 38

hyperglycemia since it treats inflammation