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Phys and Pharm > Female Repro > Flashcards

Female Repro Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two main functions of the ovaries? What is it regulated by?

A

Steroidogenesis(makes hormones) & Gametogenesis (makes eggs). Regulated by FSH and LH

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2
Q

____________ responds to hormones secreted by ovaries to prepare an environment for fertilized ovum

A

uterus

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3
Q

HPO Axis

A

hypothalamus secretes GnRH > GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH or prolactin which influences the breasts > FSH and LH act on ovary to mature and release an egg > ovaries in this process release estrogen and progesterone which act on the uterus to prep the lining > negative feedback system

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4
Q

What are the 3 types of estrogens and which one is the most clinically relevant?

A

estradiol, estrone, and estriol

(estradiol most relevant)

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5
Q

What are the many roles of estrogen?

A
  1. Development and maturation of female reproductive structures from embryo through puberty
  2. Involved in ovulation, implantation, pregnancy maintenance, parturition(birth), and lactation
  3. Decreases bone reabsorption
  4. Increases HDL, lowers LDL
  5. Increases clotting factors
  6. Fluid and electrolyte balance
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6
Q

What is progesterone secreted by?

A

corpus luteum (shell of the egg that stays in the ovary) after ovulation occurs

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7
Q

What are the roles of progesterone?

A
  1. Increases breast development
  2. Increases glandular development of endometrium
  3. Increases basal body temperature
  4. Smooth muscle relaxer
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8
Q

What are androgens secreted by?

A

stroma

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9
Q

What is the major type of andorgen in females?

A

androstenedione

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10
Q

What are androgens responsible for?

A

Hair growth
Involved in sexual function

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11
Q

Ovarian cycle refers to the ___________ cycle

A

hormonal

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12
Q

Menstrual cycle refers to the __________ response to hormones

A

uterine

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13
Q

Menarche

A

This is the start of the hormonal and menstrual cycles.
May occur anywhere from age 10 to 15.

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14
Q

Failure to reach menarche by age 16 and secondary sexual characteristics by 15
is considered _________________

A

primary amenorrhea.

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15
Q

Females are born with 1 million +______________

A

primordial follicles (fetal follicles they stay until time of puberty and mature as a group and become primary follicles)

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16
Q

__________ stimulates the ovary to mature primary folicles into secondary folicles

A

FSH

17
Q

Menstrual phase

A

(progesterone drops as corpus luteum recedes)
Endometrial lining is sloughed off
2 to 7 days

18
Q

Pre-ovulatory

A

(proliferative) phase (increasing levels of estrogen mature egg)
Increasing levels of estrogen begin to build up the endometrial lining
Variable length

19
Q

What triggers ovulation is

A

pituitary surging the luteinizing hormone (LH surge)

20
Q

Ovulation

A

(LH surge)

21
Q

Post-ovulatory

A

(luteal) phase (corpus luteum secretes progresterone)
Endometrial lining continues to thicken and prepares for implantation
Nearly always 14 days regardless of the length of the whole menstrual cycle.

22
Q

Menopause

A

Cessation of the hormonal cycle
Cessation of menstrual cycle for 12 consecutive months

23
Q

Menopause usually occurs between ages of ____________ and average age of onset is __________ mean age is between _________

A

48-53, 47.5, 51-52

24
Q

Premature menopause

A

<30 years old

25
Q

For menopause, Labs and EMB should be performed in any woman with regular cycles

A

> 55 years old

26
Q

Surgical Menopause can occur in women with ____________________

A

bilateral salpingo oopherectomy

27
Q

Menopause physiology

A

The ovaries stop functioning long before the anterior pituitary stops secreting FSH and LH.

Since the ovaries do not response to elevating FSH levels there is no suppression of the FSH and levels continue to rise (above 30mIU/mL)

No corpus luteum is created so there is not enough progesterone to build up the endometrial lining.

28
Q

How long does perimenopause range from?

A

1 to 10 years in length

29
Q

Peri-Menopause

A

Period of time from the onset of menstrual changes to the first year of menopause

30
Q

What is the average length of time for peri menopause?

A

4 years

31
Q

Irregular menses can be considered normal after the age of __________

A

40

32
Q

What are the vasomotor instability for perimenopause?

A

Hot flashes
Night sweats

33
Q

What are some other symptoms that women can experience during peri-menopause?

A

Mood changes may occur in 1 in 4 women
Insomnia
Decline in libido and vaginal dryness. when estrogen decreases, dryness can occur and can cause painful intercourse

34
Q

Perimenopause is a time of great menstrual flux and can present as

A

menorrhagia and/or metrorrhagia
oligomenorrhea
hypomenorrhea (menses is very light/spotting)

35
Q

___________is frequent diagnosis during perimenopause

A

AUB

36
Q

S/S of menopause

A
  1. Irregular menses progressing to amenorrhea x 12 consistent months
  2. Breast tissue, body hair, skin elasticity and subQ fat decrease
  3. Ovaries, uterus, cervix and vagina atrophy
  4. Vasomotor instability can persist
  5. Increased risk of osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease
37
Q

Hormonal cycle

A

FSH stimulates the ovary to mature primary multiple follicles into secondary follicles > granulosa cells release estrogen > dominant follicle emerges and lesser follicles regress > increasing estrogen stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and decrease FSH production (with inhibin) > LH causes the dominant follicle to release an oocyte aka ovulation > ruptured follicle is now called the corpus luteum and begins secretion of progesterone > progesterone continues to increase for about a week > if pregnancy doesnt occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate and progesterone levels decrease > low progesterone stimulates the anterior pituitary to secrete FSH

38
Q

The menstrual cycle refers to the ___________ response to the ________ cycle. Average length is _____ days but may be anywhere from _______ to ______ days. Day one is the very first day a woman sees any _________

A

uterine, hormonal. 28, 21-45, bleeding

Phys and Pharm (16 decks)

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