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Human Disease > Neuropathy > Flashcards

Neuropathy Flashcards

1
Q

What is the body weight of the brain?

A

2%

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2
Q

What is the cardiac output of the brain?

A

15%

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3
Q

Name 6 areas of the brain?

A 
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Parietal
Cerebellum
Brainstem
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4
Q

What is the frontal lobe used for?

A 
Thinking
Planning
Problem solving
Emotions
Behaviour
Decisions
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5
Q

What is the parietal lobe used for?

A

Perception
object classification
spelling
numbers

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6
Q

What is the occipital lobe used for?

A

Vision

colour

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7
Q

What is the temporal lobe used for?

A 
Memory
understanding
language
heading
facial recognition
speech
emotion
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8
Q

What is the cerebellum used for?

A

Motor skills, balance

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9
Q

What is the brainstem used for?

A

Body temp, HR, swallowing, breathing

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10
Q

What components make up the brain?

A

Neurones
Blood vessels
Glial cells

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11
Q

Which glial cells are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

satellite cells

schwann cells

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12
Q

Which glial cells are in the central nervous system?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Mircroglia
Ependymal Cells

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13
Q

Name 8 pathologies that affect the brain?

HICCCDMD

A 
Hypoxia
Infections
Cerebral Haemmhorage
Cerebreal Infarct
Cerebral tumours
Demylination
Metabolic
Degenerative - dementia
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14
Q

What are the causes of hypoxia?

A

Ischaemia to the brain - cardiogenic shock or MI
Systemic hypoxia - resp failure, lung disease or aneamia
Toxins - carbon monoxide inactivates Hb

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15
Q

What are the causes of infections?

A

MENINGITIS - acute = vascular congestion, swelling, pus
chronic = less virulent organisms, fibrosis with obstruction of CSF
ENCEPHALITIS - direct infection of brain tissue by virus
TRAUMA TO SKULL
DENTAL INFECTION - cavernous sinus drains blood back to the heart and so spreads any infection

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16
Q

How do we classify cerebral haemmorhages?

A 
Classified by the anatomical compartment into which the bleeding occurs
Extradural
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Intracerebral
17
Q

What is an extradural haemorrhage?

A

Linked to trauma, often skull fracture, tearing of middle meningeal artery. Bleeding strips dura from inside the skull forming a space occupying lesion

18
Q

What is a subdural haemorrhage?

A

Tearing of thin communicating veins between cerebral veins and large venous sinuses. Link to head trauma with closed head injury

19
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemmorrhage?

A

Bleeding into subarachnoid space. Rupture of berry aneurysm (80% anterior circle of Willis). Bleeding often extensive as is arterial and there is severe underlying brain injury. 25% die at presentation

20
Q

What is an intracerebral haemmorhage?

A

Associated with essential hypertension, older age group. Commonly in the brain substance in basal ganglia. Arises from middle cerebral artery or branches off of it

21
Q

What is a cerebral infarct?

A

Death of brain tissue due to compromised blood supply. Most commonly due to a stroke

22
Q

What is a cerebral tumour?

A

Tumour in brain tissue. Most commonly neuroepithelial but can be another origin:
Neuroepithelial - astrocytomas, oligodendrocytes, ependymal choroid plexus
Others - haemopoetic, germ cell, meninges

23
Q

What is an astrocytoma?

A

Most common glioma in adults and children (20%)
Develops form astrocytes
Slow growing or fast growing
Anaplastic astrocytoma (grade 3 or 4) are most common type of brain tumour in adults. It is malignant so spreads

24
Q

What is an oligodendroglioma?

A

5% of all gliomas

Occur in white matter in central cerebrum

25
Q

What is an ependymoma?

A

Most common in the spinal cord, develops from ependymal cells which line the spinal cord. Usually slow growing

26
Q

What is a meningioma?

A

10% intracranial tumours, associated with venous sinuses and attached to dura, usually benign. They compress adjacent brain tissue

27
Q

What is dymyelination?

A

Myelin surrounds the nerve fibres in peripheral nerves, brain and spinal cord. Most important disease of demyelination is multiple sclerosis where focal areas of demyelination occur, resulting in visual disturbance, limb weakness. MS is cyclical with remissions and exacerrbations

28
Q

What are metablolic pathologies that affect the brain?

A

They can directly damage the nervous system or cause secondary neurological conditions.
Toxins - alcohol, drugs, lead, mercury, arsenic
Diet - lack of A, B, C vitamins

29
Q

What is dementia?

A

Degenerative pathology affecting the brain
Generalised and progressive reduction in higher brain function - loss of intellect, disorientation, memory loss, speech, character disturbance
Causes - alzheimers, huntingtons, multi infarct dementia

30
Q

What is Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Common in middle age and elderly

Resting tumour with limb rigidity, loss of pigmentation of substantia nigra in midbrain

Human Disease (54 decks)

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