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Human Disease > Liver Disease > Flashcards

Liver Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What types of disease is the liver vulnerable to?

A 
Metabolic
Toxic
Microbial
Circulatory
Neoplastic
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2
Q

What histological features are common to the liver?

A

Inflammation - (hepatitis) acute and chronic, granulomas
Degeneration - swelling and oedema of hepatocytes, accumulation of fat
Necrosis - significant insult, focal or massive
Regeneration - occurs unless disease
Fibrosis - (cirrhosis) as a result of inflammation followed by regeneration

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3
Q

What is cirrhosis?

A

Diffuse fibrosis with nodular regeneration
Small, firm and nodular liver
Nodules - macro (more than 0.3cm) or micro (less 0.3cm)

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4
Q

What can cirrhosis lead to?

A

Hepatic failure
Portal hypertension - obstruction of portal veins
HCC

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5
Q

How much liver needs to be lost for hepatic failure?

A

80 - 90%

Mortality 70 - 90%

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6
Q

What are the causes of cirrhosis?

A 
Alcoholic liver disease
Chronic hepatits
Primary biliary cirrhosis - autoimmune
Secondary biliary cirrhosis - obstuction
Cystic fibrosis
Metabolic disorders - Wilsons disease
Vascular disease
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7
Q

Why does jaundice happen?

A

Retention of bilirubin which gets deposited in tissues
Unconjugated bilirubin from breakdown of Hb and myoglobin is insoluble and bound to albumin
In the liver it gets conjugated with glucuronic acid by bilirubin UGT to make it water soluble so it can be excreted in bile

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8
Q

When would you get unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

A 
When 80% of serum is conjugated
HAEMOLYTIC CAUSES:
Bilirubin overproduction - increased Hb breakdown
HEPATOCELLULAR CAUSES:
decreased hepatic uptake
impaired hepatic conjugation
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9
Q

When would you get conjugated hyperbilirubinemia?

A

When 50% of serum is conjugated
BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION CAUSES:
reduced hepatic excretion of bile
Impaired extra hepatic flow

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10
Q

What is jaundice?

A

A yellow discolouration of skin or eyes

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11
Q

Describe the liver?

A 
Largest organ in the body - weighs 1500g
Exocrine gland (produces bile) and has metabolic activity
Divided into lobules
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12
Q

What are other clinical features associated with jaundice?

A

Pale stools - loss of bile into the gut
Dark urine - increased secretion of conjugated bile pigments
Itching - increased bile acids in circulation

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13
Q

What are the two types of hepatitis?

A

Acute

Chronic

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14
Q

What is acute hepatitis?

A

Active liver cell destruction or necrosis
Degeneration of hepatocytes with individual cell necrosis
Causes:
VIRAL HEPATITIS:
Hep A and E = faeco oral
Hep B, C, D = blood and bodily fluid contact
TOXINS:
Alcohol induced liver disease from excessive alcohol,leads to fatty changes in liver beause of oxidation of fatty acids
Leads to alcoholic hepatitis, fibrosis and cirrhosis
BILE DUCT OBSTRUCTION

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15
Q

What is Wilsons disease?

A

ATPase is defective in excreting copper into the bile

Hepatolenticular degeneration

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16
Q

What is chronic hepatitis?

A

Persists more than 6 months
Chronic inflammation
Caused by drugs, viruses, automimmune disease, inborn error of metabolism (Wilsons disease)

17
Q

What are the two types of liver tumour?

A

Benign - adenoma, angioma, focal nodular, hyperplasia

Malignant - Primary = HCC, Secondary - metastasis

18
Q

What is HCC?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma
Most common cancer in the world associated with chronic hepatitis induced by Hep B infection
Almost always occurs in a background of established cirrhosis

19
Q

What is the prognosis for HCC?

A

Usually poor because only 10 - 20% HCC can be removed

Deadly within 3 - 6 months

20
Q

What is the gall bladder?

A

Sac connected to the common bile duct via the cystic duct

Stores and concentrates bile

21
Q

What are gallstones?

A 
Very frequent crystallisations of bile substances
3 types:
Cholesterol - obesity
Bile pigment - haemolysis
Mixed - most common
22
Q

What are the complications with gallstones?

A

70% asymptommatic

Obstruction can lead to distension, infection, obstructive jaundice, pancreatitis, carcinoma

23
Q

What is the relevance of liver disease to dentistry?

A

Increased risk bleeding as cant produce Vit K clotting factors
Drugs may last longer as not being metabolised

Human Disease (54 decks)

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