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NeuroAnatomy & NeuroPathology Weeks 1-4 > NeuroPathology - TBI Objectives (EXAM ONLY) > Flashcards

NeuroPathology - TBI Objectives (EXAM ONLY) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a primary injury for a TBI?

A

Result of forces exerted on the brain at impact

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2
Q

What is a secondary injury for a TBI?

A

Compromise of brain function from brain’s reaction to trauma, brain swelling, impaired cerebreal perfusion

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3
Q

What is a strong predictor of a poor outcome in TBI?

A

Low BP

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4
Q

What is the respiratory rate with damage to the bilateral hemispheric area or diencephalon?

A

Cheyne-Stokes breathing // Rhythmic pattern of alternating rapid breathing and momentary stopping of breathing

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5
Q

What is the respiratory rate with damage caused by lesions in the pontines or midbrain?

A

hyperventilation

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6
Q

What is the respiratory rate with damage caused by lesions of the mid- and caudal- portions of the pons?

A

apneustic breathing // prolonged pause at the end of inspiration

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7
Q

What is the respiratory rate with damage caused by lesions in the medulla

A

Ataxic breathing // irregular in both rate and tidal volume

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8
Q

What is Retrograde Amnesia?

A

partial or total loss of ability to recall events that have occurred during the period immediately preceding TBI

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9
Q

What is Post-Traumatic Amnesia (PTA)?

A

Time lapse between injury and when functional memory returns // automatic activities may improve // no carryover // ***indication of injury severity

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10
Q

What does loss of Anterograde amnesia look like?

A

The ability to form new memories, decreased attention or inaccurate perception, last function to return

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11
Q

______ damage results in ataxia, either on one side of the body or global

A

cerebellar

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12
Q

______ dysfunction results in tremor or bradykinesia

A

basal ganglia dysfunction

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13
Q

What is Decorticate Posturing caused by?

A

Loss of cortical control

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14
Q

What is Decerebrate Posturing caused by?

A

Injury at superior border of the pons

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15
Q

What are signs of Decorticate Posturing?

A

Hyperactive flexor reflexes in UEs + Hyperactive extensor response in LEs

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16
Q

What are signs of Decerebrate Posturing?

A

Hyperactive extensor reflexes in UEs & LEs + loss of inhibitory control of cortex and basal ganglia

17
Q

What is the “cut off” for the Glasgow Coma Scale?

A

≤8

18
Q

What range indicates a moderate severity on the GCS?

A

9-11

19
Q

What range indicates a minor injury on the GCS?

A

> 12

20
Q

What range indicates a severe rating on the GCS?

A

3-8

21
Q

What are the 8 stages on the Rancho Los Amigos Scale?

A

I: No response // II: Generalized Response // III: Localized Response // IV: confused and agitated // V: confused and inappropriate // VI: confused and appropriate // VII: automatic and appropriate // VIII: purposeful and appropriate

22
Q

What are negative prognostic indicators for TBI?

A

Loss of consciousness for >1min, significant cognitive symptoms, younger age, female gender, depression, high levels of activity

23
Q

What are symptoms of a concussion?

A

headache, disorientation, dizziness, nausea, irritability, fatigue, etc

24
Q

what do Diffuse Axonal Injuries cause impairments to?

A

cognitive, sensory function, and autonomic motor impairments

25
Q

What is Level I of the RLA scale?

A

No response
- no response to sounds, sights, touch, or movements

26
Q

What is Level II of the RLA Scale?

A

Generalized Response

  • begins to respond slowly and inconsistently to sounds, sights, touch/movement

-*Same response for everything

27
Q

What is Level III on the RLA scale?

A

Localized Response

  • Reacts more specifically to tactical, auditory, and visual stimuli. Begins to recognize friends/family
  • may follow SIMPLE commands
28
Q

What is Level IV on the RLA Scale?

A

Confused and Agitated

  • very confused/frightened and unaware that people are trying to help

highly focused on their basic needs!

29
Q

What is Level V on the RLA scale?

A

Confused and Inappropriate

  • pays attention for only a few min
  • disoriented
  • makes things up to fill in gaps in memory
  • perseveration
  • focused on basic needs
30
Q

What is Level VI on the RLA Scale?

A

Confused and Appropriate

  • remembers main conversation points but forgets/confuses details
  • confused in routine changes
  • pays attention for ~30min (except when noisy)
  • impulsive
31
Q

What is Level VII on the RLA scale?

A

Automatic and Appropriate

  • able to do routine self care without help
  • has problems in new situations
  • continue to need supervision
32
Q

What is Level VIII on the RLA scale?

A

Purposeful and Appropriate

ALMOSTTTT back to normal

  • ready for driving/back to job training
  • poor judgement in new situations
  • needs some help in decision making
  • becomes overloaded quickly
  • learns new things Slowly

NeuroAnatomy & NeuroPathology Weeks 1-4 (18 decks)

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