NeuroAnatomy - Lecture One Objectives Flashcards
What structures are a part of the Central Nervous System?
Brain (cerebrum, diencephalon)
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord
What structures are a part of the Peripheral Nervous System?
Motor nuclei in anterior horn of spinal cord
Spinal nerve roots that are formed by sensory and motor nerve roots
Plexuses (cervical plexus, brachial plexus, lumbar plexus and sacral plexus
Peripheral nerves (median nerve, radial nerve, femoral nerve, etc.)
What are some characteristics of an Upper Motor Lesion?
hypertonia, hyperreflexia, spastic paralysis, and slow/disuse atrophy
What are some characteristics of a Lower Motor Lesion
hypotonia, hyporeflexia, flaccid paralysis, quick atrophy
Where would an UML (upper motor lesion) occur?
anywhere in the brain, brainstem, spinal cord (excluding anterior horn)
Where would an LML (lower motor lesion) occur?
motor pathways in the anterior horn of the spinal cord, motor spinal nerve root, plexus and/or the peripheral nerves
What does the cerebrum surround?
the Diencephalon
How do sulci and gyri differ?
sulci = grooves in the surface of the brain in between gyri
gyri = raised, rounded surfaces of the brain separated by sulci
Name the lobes of the cerebrum:
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, insular lobe, limbic lobe
Which lobe is not a true anatomical lobe?
the Limbic Lobe
What is the general function of the Frontal Lobe?
motor control, motor planning, executive functions
What is the general function of the Parietal Lobe?
Somatic sensory of the face/body
higher order processing of ALL sensory input (somato, visual, auditory)
sends processed info to frontal lobe for “action”
What is the general function of the Temporal Lobe?
auditory function, understanding speech, memory function
What is the general function of the Occipital Lobe?
visual function
What is the general function of the Insular Lobe/Cortex?
links sensory input/experience with emotional valence
multimodal sensory processing
autonomic sensory processing
sense of what’s going on inside your body
self aware-ness and emotional guidance of social behavior
What is the general function of the Limbic Lobe?
responses to emotional stimuli
associated with memory, attention, emotion, sexual urges, character, and behavior
Where is the longitudinal fissure?
the deep fissure between the two left/right cerebral hemispheres
Are the two hemispheres connected? If so, by what?
Yes, the corpus callosum
Where is the Sylvian/Lateral Fissure?
It is the sulcus that separates the frontal and temporal lobes
Where is the Central Sulcus (of Rolando)?
It is the sulcus that separates the frontal and parietal lobe
Where is the parieto-occipital sulcus?
between parietal and occipital lobes seen only in sagittal view
Where is the cingulate gyrus, and which system is it a part of?
It is located above the corpus callosum and is a part of the limbic system
Where is the cingulate sulcus?
superior to the cingulate gyrus
What are the landmarks of the parietal lobe?
post-central gyrus
superior parietal lobule
inferior parietal lobule
supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus
What are the landmarks of the temporal lobe in the LATERAL view?
the superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri
What are the landmarks of the temporal lobe in the INFERIOR view?
occipitotemporal (fusiform) gyrus
parahippocampal gyrus
What are the landmarks of the occipital lobe in the SAGITTAL view?
calcarine sulcus
Where is the grey matter in the brain?
outer most layer of the brain. it is UNmyelinated
Where is the white matter in the brain?
inner layer of the brain and it IS myelinated
Where are the Commissural Fibers in the brain?
inside the corpus callosum and anterior commissure
it connects/communicates between the left/right hemispheres
Where are the Projection Fibers in the brain?
connections between the cerebrum and the lower regions of CNS
What are the two tracts of Projection Fibers?
Efferent = sensory tracts FROM cortex (think brain to spinal cord)
Afferent = sensory tracts TO cortex (think spinal cord to brain)
Where are the Association Fibers in the brain?
Forms the connections between different regions of the same cerebral hemisphere
What are the structures of the Diencephalon?
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus (pineal body), subthalamus
What are the general functions of the Thalamus?
relays all sensory info EXCEPT olfactory to cortex
central role in modulating or regulating most functions of the body
What are the general functions of the Hypothalamus?
homeostasis
“connects” CNS to endocrine system
What are the general functions of the Epithalamus (pineal body)?
influences secretion of endocrine system
What are the general functions of the Subthalamus?
plays role in motor movement via connections with the basal ganglia
Where is the brainstem located?
“between” the diencephalon of the brain and the spinal cord
What are the structures of the brainstem?
midbrain, pons, medulla
What is the general function of the brainstem?
conduit for motor and sensory pathways
What are the structures in the Cerebellum?
vermis and right/left hemispheres
What are the general functions of the Cerebellum?
maintain balance
maintain muscle tone/posture
coordinated movements (corrective feedforward/backwards roles)
motor learning/cognitive-motor role
What are the structures of the spinal cord?
white and grey matter (the “H” shape in the cord)
The posterior horn of the spinal cord receives….
sensory input from dorsal nerve root from peripheral nerves
The anterior horn of the spinal cord contains….
cell bodies of ventral nerve root motor axons, sends info/ motor output TO peripheral nerves
