Neuropathology 2

Question 1

what are some problems with neuropathology research

Answer 1

sampling error
accessibility of tissue
tissue only available late in the disease process

Question 2

what are dawsons fingers

Answer 2

radiographic feature of demyelinating plaques through the corpus callosum,

sign for multiple sclerosis (MS)

Question 3

what is the link to MS and vitamin D

Answer 3

vit D deficiency predisposes individuals

increasing vit D decreases rate of relapse in relapsing remitting MS

vit D is an immunomodulator

Question 4

what virus is MS linked to

Answer 4

EBV

Question 5

does smoking increase the risk of MS

Answer 5

yes

Question 6

what two microscopic features can be seen in Alzeimers

Answer 6

neurofibrillary tangles

amyloid plaques

Question 7

what can cause peripheral neuropathy

Answer 7

diabetes melitus 
idiopathic
toxicity
B12 deficiency
post infectious (guillian barre) 
paraneoplastic
leprosy
amyloid
charcot marie tooth

Question 8

name some muscle diseases

Answer 8

dystrophies
congenital myopathies
mitochondrial myopathies
metabolic
myotonic (a type of muscular dystrophy)

inflammatory (polymyositis, dermato)
toxic e.g. alchohol
metabolic e.g. cushings
disuse atrophy
rhadomyolysis

Question 9

what muscles are normally sampled in a muscle biopsy

Answer 9

deltoid, quadriceps or tibialis anterior

would also do creatinine phosphokinase and electromyography

Question 10

what are slow twitch fibres innervated by

Answer 10

alpha 2 motor nuerones

Question 11

what are fast twitch fibres innervated by

Answer 11

alpha 1 motor neurone

higher excitation threshold and faster conduction velocity