Neuropathology Flashcards
What can Cerebrovascular disease lead to?
Herniation in the brain
Focal traumatic Brian injury cause?
Focal you can see
Falls or assaults
Epidural or subdural hematomas
How does a epidural Hematoma happen?
Crack your skull and puncture the blood vessel in the dura and you get blood separating the skull from the dura and get a clot
What is a subdural hematoma?
Blood between the brain and dura from vessels get torn
More in old people bc the brain shrinks and vessels get thinner so a fall more likely to tear
Slow filling of blood not fast
Subdural hematomas
Contracoup contusions of the brain
What is a coup and contracoup contusion?
Coup is grating of the site of skull fracture
Contracoup is grating of the opposite of trauma
Diffuse brain injury
Viscoelastic
Road accident
Shearing stress applied force
What are the red dots and what dmg is this?
Red dots - torn capillaries
Diffuse vascular injury
Grading for DIffuse atonal injury
Low score is better
What are the circled parts?
Diffuse axon dmg
The flow gets blocked and you get a build up and swell up
Where do you have the most sheer stress in brain injury?
Corpus callocum bc you brain goes in 2 different directions
Perinatal brain injury?
Usually in early birth
Blast means what
Sprout or shoot
Subependymal germinal matrix hemorrhages?
Happens when premature babies are born around the 13 week stage where the blast is susceptible to hemorrhages
Premature brain of germinal matrix hemorrhage
bacterial meningitis with gray green of fibrinous exudate
Meningitis in bacteria in young people is?
Neisseria Menigitidis
Meningitis in older people is?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Meningitis in newborns is caused by?
Group B or ecoli
What are CNS fungal infections
Meningitis - Yeast - granulomas response
Vacuities - Hyphae - affect immune compromise people
Basal fibrosis with Granulomatous meningitis
Fungal infection
Left - epothelioid histiocytes with granulomatous
Right - multinucleated giant cell
What is this caused by
Looks like an infarct in the brain but its caused my hyphae
CNS infections in the spinal cord
Meningitis - mumps, enteroviruses, coxsackie and HIV
CNS viral infection in the brain?
Encephalitis - HSV, CMV, Arbo, Rabies, HIV, PML
Viral Encephalitis in the brain - classic lymphocytes cupping
The purple without the dot in the middle is the neuron getting eaten and causing neuronphagia
Microglial nodule
What are the 3 hallmark of Viral encephalitis?
lymphocytic cuffs, neurophagia and microglial nodules
How can you tell it HSV one in the brain?
Bi or unilateral Hemorrhagic of the temporal lobe
What are the CNS protozoan infections?
Toxoplasmosis and Amebae
Toxoplasmosis
How do you get naeglaeria Fowleri?
Swimming in stagnant fresh water
Left and right circles are the muscular sucker
The thing in the middle is the tooth
Life cycle of tapeworm to human brain?
Eggs get transmitter into out food and think we are pig also burrow and get into our brain
Asctrocytoma bc the cells look like stars - intrinsic
Oligodendroglioma - looks like fried egg
Has both we call it oligoastrocytoma by morphology
Glioblastoma - usually in old people survival only a year
Glioblastoma usually replaces the corpus calloum and most common and called the butterfly Glioblastoma
What does Oncoscan for?
Copy number abnormalities
NGS Solid Tumor Panel
Point mutations amplifications and homozygous deletions
Meninigioma and extrinsic tumor of the brain
CT scan how to discern from Glioblastoma from a menginioma
Meningioma has multiple while Glioblastoma has one
What is and are the neruodegenerative disease?
it is even on both side
Alzheimer’s , Parkinson’s, ALS, Huntington
Where does Alzheimer start?
temporal lobe then spreads to frontal and partieal and occipital
where does Parkinson’s disease start?
substantial nigra and then spreads
where does ALS start?
Only the motor neurons
Where does Huntington disease start?
Caudate nucleus and then spreads
What is Alzheimer Disease?
Age associated dementia with amyloid plagues and tau tangles disease
Plaques is the big yellow thing
Tangles with the strings
What are plaques and tangles
Plaques are replacing the windows and doors but you don’t take trash them so they slowly accumulate
tangles are fibrous protiens badly folded microtubles
ALS motor neuro disease
Loss of neurons from anterior horn
What is Huntington Disease?
Affect the basal ganglia
Have strange movements all the time worm like
CAG repeats cause neurons to die
Autosomal dominate
Neuron loss and causes concave
What is Multiple sclerosis?
Demyelination of neurons
Autoimmune
MS dmyelinated plaques
