Neuropathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the CNS?

A
  • Neurons
  • glial cells
  • white matter tracts
  • grey matter
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2
Q

What are the 3 cell types of glial cells?

A
  • Astroglia (support)
  • Oligodendrocytes (myelin)
  • Microglia (phagocytes)
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3
Q

What are the components of the meninges?

A
  • Dura matter - tough connective tissue
  • Leptomeninges (Arachnoid mater CSF and pia mater
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4
Q

What are the components of the grey matter?

A
  • Neuronal cell bodies
  • neouropil-axons and dendrites
  • Neuroglia
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5
Q

What are the components of the white matter?

A
  • Fasicles/bundles of neuron fibres (axons and myelin sheath)
  • Neuroglia
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6
Q

What is the structure and function of neurons?

A
  • Generation, conduction and trasnmission of impulses
  • Large cells: dendrites, cell body and axon. NOTE: different shapes, sizes and arrengement
  • Neuropil
  • axonal transport
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7
Q

What is the structure and function of glial cells?

A
  • Astrocytes - monitor and regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, remove excessive release of neurotransmitters in synapses, inflamm and immune responses, repair
  • Oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheath
  • microglia - resident phagocytes
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8
Q

What is the structure and function of ependyma?

A
  • A single layer of usually ciliated columnar cells lines the ventricles, mesencephalic aqueduct and central canal of the spinal cord
  • Allows for the regulated bidirectional flow of proteins and fluid between the ventricles and the interstitial space of the brain
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9
Q

What is the structure and function of the choroid plexus?

A
  • Evagination of blood vessels covered by modified ependymal cells
  • Specific sites within the lateral, third and fourth ventricles
  • Secrete CSF that fills both the ventricular system and subarachnoid space
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10
Q

What is the structure and function of the meninges?

A
  • Dura mater - Fibrous outer capsule, Epidural space on the spinal cord, but continuum with the periosteum in the brain, Pathological situations may lead to formation of subdural spaces
  • Aracnoid - contains CSF, subarachnoid space communicate with ventricles, protection against trauma
  • Pia mater - clings to the CNS surface, prolongtions of astrocytes
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11
Q

What are the portals of entry into the CNS?

A
  • Direct extention (trauma, ear infection, extensionof nasal cavity or sinus, extension of osteomyelitis, neoplastic processes)
  • Haematogenous (most common)
  • Leukocytic trafficking (immunological surveillance, migration of macrophages or lymphocytes containing microorganisms)
  • Retrograde axonal transport (transported from the periphery into the CNS by neuronal retrograde flow, pathogens that replicate in tissues richly innervated, connection between peripheral infection and the CNS)
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12
Q

What are the defence mechanisms of the CNS?

A
  • Skin, bone, meninges, CSF
  • Barriers -> BBB, glia limitans, blood CSF barrier, CSF brain barrier
  • innate immunity and adaptive immunity
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13
Q

Name the 12 crainial nerves

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A

I: Olfactory
II: Optic
III: Oculomotor
IV: Trochlear
V: Trigeminal
VI: Abducent
VII: Facial
VIII: Vestibulocochlear
IX: Glossopharyngeal
X: Vagus
XI: Accessory
XII: Hypoglossal

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14
Q

What does the severity of clinical signs depend on?

A

Depends on the location and severity of damage

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15
Q

QUESITONS FROM NEUROANATOMICAL LOCATIONS OF LESIONS

A
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16
Q

What are the types of inflammatory exudates of the CNS?

A
  • Suppurative
  • Non-suppurative
  • Granulomatous
  • Fibrinous
17
Q

What word would you use to describe meningeal inflammation?

A

Meningitis

18
Q

What word would you use to describe parenchymal inflammation?

A

encephalitis

19
Q

What word would you use to describe both meningeal and parenchymal inflammation?

A

meningoencephalitis

20
Q

What are the infectious agents involved in CNS inflammation?

A
  • Virus (rabies, canine distemper)
  • Bacteria
  • Algae
  • amobae
  • protozoa
  • metazoa
  • prions
21
Q

What are the non-infectious agents associated with CNS inflammation?

A
  • Idiopathic
  • foreign bodies
22
Q

What are the routes of entry that lead to CNS inflammatory diseases?

A
  • Haematogenous
  • Direct extension
23
Q

Provide some examples of degenerative diseases of the CNS

A
  • Storage diseases
  • Craniopharyngiomas
  • Cysts
  • IV disc protrusion
  • Trauma
  • Polioencephalomalacia of ruminants
  • Thiamine deficiency in cats
24
Q

What is malacia?

A

Areas of brain necrosis
Malacia = softening

25
Q

What is malacia mostly associated with?

A

Toxins

26
Q

What are the circulatory disturbances associated with the CNS?

A
  • Oedema (vasogenic, cytotoxic, intersitital)
  • Infarction and ishaemia
  • Haemorrhage/haematoma
27
Q

What is the most common form of oedema?

A

Vasogenic - caused by injuries (trauma, inflamm, infarc, hypertension). Mainly in white matter. Microscopically we see pale aras with separation of myelinated axons by vacuolated spaces

28
Q

What are some examples of neoplastic disorders of growth?

A

Primary
- Ependymoma
- meningioma
- oligodendrocytoma
- astrocytoma
- pituitary adenoma

Metastatic
- lymphosarcoma
- haemangiosarcoma