Embryological development of brain, notochord and its significance Flashcards

1
Q

What signs would you see with a forebrain (cerebrum and thalamus) disorder?

A

o visual disturbances, changes in mental status or behaviour, abnormal movements or postures, seizures.

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2
Q

What signs would you see with a cerebellar disorder?

A

o intention tremor, wide based stance, and incoordination (dysmetria) of the head, trunk, and limbs.

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3
Q

What signs would you see with a brain stem disorders?

A

o cranial nerve dysfunction, postural disturbances, or vestibular dysfunction. In some cases, brain stem disorders may also result in weakness and proprioceptive gait disturbances, impaired consciousness.

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4
Q

What signs would you see with a spinal cord disorder?

A

o weakness, motor dysfunction, or proprioceptive deficits of the limbs. Does not affect cerebral function or coordination of head movement.

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5
Q

What signs would you see with a neuromuscular disorder?

A

o diseases of the peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junction, or muscles. Weakness and ataxia similar to spinal cord disease. Disturbance of reflex function, pain sensation, or marked muscle atrophy. Can be episodic.

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6
Q

What signs would you see with multifocal disorders?

A

o Combinations of signs from more than one categorie of neurologic deficits.

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7
Q

What is syringomyelia + chiari-like malformation/caudal occipital malformation syndrome (COMS)? Is there a breed predisposition? What are the signs?

A
  • Affect quite a few breeds: Chihuahuas, Cavalier king Charles spaniels, boston terriers
  • Brain is crowded in the skull and often causes seizures in these dogs
  • Syringomyelia is a disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (called a syrinx) forms within the spinal cord.
  • Clinical signs: constant scratching, moaning and whining due to pain
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7
Q

What is syringomyelia + chiari-like malformation/caudal occipital malformation syndrome (COMS)? Is there a breed predisposition? What are the signs?

A
  • Affect quite a few breeds: Chihuahuas, Cavalier king Charles spaniels, boston terriers
  • Brain is crowded in the skull and often causes seizures in these dogs
  • Syringomyelia is a disorder in which a fluid-filled cyst (called a syrinx) forms within the spinal cord.
  • Clinical signs: constant scratching, moaning and whining due to pain
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8
Q

What is congenital Hydrocephalus? What causes it?

A
  • The build-up of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain.
  • Causes (can be one or a combination):
    o Increased production of CSF
    o Decreased absorption of CSF
    o Obstruction of Flow
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9
Q

Which species is Congenital Hydrocephalus commonly seen in?

A
  • In dogs:
    o Dome shaped skull -chihuahuas
    o a large fontanel on top of the skull
    o eyes that appear to gaze downward (“setting sun sign”)
    o Young animals might not show clinical symptoms
    o Later on, clinical signs might include:
     abnormal or spastic walking
     changes in behavior
     seizures
     circling or falling over on one side
     failure to housetrain or learn basic commands
  • Frisian horses with hydrocephalus
    o In Frisian horses there is a genetic marker for this recessively inherited disorder
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10
Q

What is exencephaly?

A
  • A rare malformation of the neural tube with a large amount of protruding brain tissue and absence of calvarium
  • Named, depending on what is protruding:
    o The brain (encephalocele)
    o meninges (meningocele)
    o or both (meningoencephalocele)
  • Can be open or closed
    o Risk of CNS infection in open so poor prognosis
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11
Q

What clinical signs might you see with exencephaly?

A
  • Safety and quality of life issues  ataxic, seizuring, or mentally inappropriate large animals
    o If the animal is seizuring its also becomes a safety risk for handlers if it is a large animal
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12
Q

What is Hydrancephaly?

A

A rare condition in which the brain’s cerebral hemispheres are absent and replaced by sacs filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
- Ventricles are different sizes

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13
Q

What is Lissencephaly? Are there any breed predispositions in the dog?

A

Means “smooth brain,” is a rare, gene-linked brain malformation characterized by the absence of normal convolutions (folds) in the cerebral cortex and an abnormally small head (microcephaly).
- Grey matter is thickened
- Lhasa apso predisposed

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14
Q

What are the secondary congenital abnormalities?

A
  • Malformation of the occipital bones (atlas and axis): causes compression of the upper spinal cord that can deald to paralysis. More common in smaller breed dogs
  • Hemiverebra (half a vertebra): o Affects breeds with a short skull, and “screw tailed” breeds
    o Kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis
    o Wedge shaped vertebrae, causes angle in the spine
    o Most likely to affect the neurological system
    o Rear limb weakness (paraparesis), paralysis
    o May remain without symptoms
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14
Q

What are the secondary congenital abnormalities?

A
  • Malformation of the occipital bones (atlas and axis): causes compression of the upper spinal cord that can deald to paralysis. More common in smaller breed dogs
  • Hemiverebra (half a vertebra): o Affects breeds with a short skull, and “screw tailed” breeds
    o Kyphosis, scoliosis, lordosis
    o Wedge shaped vertebrae, causes angle in the spine
    o Most likely to affect the neurological system
    o Rear limb weakness (paraparesis), paralysis
    o May remain without symptoms
  • IVDD: Congenital abnormality that dachshunds are prediposed to