Bone path 3

Question 1

Is osteomyelitis more common in large animals or small animals?

Answer 1

Large animals
- In small animal its generally to do with fracture complications
- In large animals generally haematogenous cause

Question 2

What bacteria are associated with osteomyelitis?

Answer 2

• Trueperella (arcanobacterium/actinomyces)
• staphylococcal spp.
• streptococcus spp.
• salmonella
• E. coli

Question 3

What fungi are associated with osteomyelitis?

Answer 3

• Coccidioides immitis -> associated with granulomatous osteomyelitis
• Blastomyces dermatitidis
• Aspergillus
• Cryptococcus

Question 4

What kind of inflammatory exudate is associated with a fungal osteomyelitis?

Answer 4

Granulomatous

Question 5

Is Lumpy jaw caused by fungi or bacteria?

Answer 5

Bacteria, Actinomyces bovis

Question 6

What is a misnomer?

Answer 6

A non-infectious inflammatory disease

Question 7

Give some examples of misnomers (non-infectious inflammatory disease).

Answer 7

Metaphyseal osteopathy (“hypertrophic osteodystrophy”)
- In young, growing large & giant breed dogs.
- Suppurative, fibrinous, necrotizing osteomyelitis.
- Involvement of periosteum → new bone formation (hence “hypertrophic”)
Panosteitis (“eosinophilic panosteitis”)
- In growing, usually large breed dogs
- Not eosinophilic, or inflammatory
- But is painful
- Proliferation of woven bone & fibrous tissue in the medullary cavity
“Physitis” (esp. horses)
- An area of thickened physeal cartilage seen radiographically
- Delay in endochondral ossification
- Not inflammatory
- A clinical diagnosis

Question 8

What are some examples of non neoplastic disorders of bone growth?

Answer 8

• Pulmonary hypertrophic osteopathy
• vit a toxicity in cats
• congenital hyperostosis
• craniomandibular osteopathy in dogs

Question 9

What are some examples of neoplasia of bone?

Answer 9

• Osteosarcoma - metastasises early, seen commonly in large breed dogs. Site predilection for distal radius or femur and proximal humerus.

Question 10

What is codmans triangle?

Answer 10

Irritation/elevation of the periosteum (e.g. by a tumour) -> periosteal hyperplasia and formation of sub-perioseal reactive new bone

Question 11

What kind of cell would you expect to see a proliferation of in osteosarcoma?

Answer 11

Spindle cell proliferation

Question 12

What are some complications of neoplasia?

Answer 12

• Pain!
• Metastatic disease
• Pathologic fracture
• Infarction
• Hypercalcaemia
• Other paraneoplastic effects

Question 13

Where and in what species would you expect to see multilobular tumour of bone?

Answer 13

• Flat bones - commonly from the surface of skull bone
• Seen in dogs, cats and horses
• They are slow growing, locally agressive and do have malignant potential

Question 14

What diagnostics could you use to investigate bone disease?

Answer 14

• Haematology
• radiological assessment
• biochemical and hormone markers - ALP isoenzyme, Ca, PO4, collagen breakdown products
• Bone biopsy