Neurons/Spinal Nerves

Question 1

nissl substance

Answer 1

RER

synthesize NT or precursor

Question 2

anterograde transport

Answer 2

moves away from cell body to terminal
transport NT/precursors
mediated by kinesin
faster than retrograde

Question 3

retrograde transport

Answer 3

moves toward cell body
recycle garbage, excess NT
mediated by dynein
half rate of kinesin

Question 4

outside things transported retrogradely

Answer 4

polio, rabies, (motor)

herpes (sensory)

Question 5

outside things transported anterogradely

Answer 5

rabies, (motor) –> salivary glands

herpes (sensory) –> painful vesicles

Question 6

glutamate cell bodies/projections

Answer 6

entire CNS

entire CNS

Question 7

GABA cell bodies/projections

Answer 7

entire CNS

entire CNS/Retina

Question 8

glutamate actions

Answer 8

excitatory NT
modulation of synaptic plasticity
activation of 2nd messenger sys

Question 9

GABA actions

Answer 9

inhibitory NT

Question 10

ACh cell bodies/projections (PNS)

Answer 10

ventral horns –> skeletal muscle
ANS preganglionic nuc –> autonomic ganglia
Para ganglia (postgang) –> glands, SM, cardiac
basal forebrain –> cerebral cortex
pontomesencephalic region –> thalamus, cerebellum, pons, medulla

Question 11

ACh actions

Answer 11

muscle contraction
ANS fxns
Para fxns
neuromodulation (memory consolidation, sleep/wake cycles)

Question 12

ACh path for muscle contraction

Answer 12

ventral horn –> skeletal muscle –> nicotinic –> muscle contraction

Question 13

ACh path for ANS

Answer 13

pregang nuclei –> autonomic gang –> nicotinic –> ANS fxns

Question 14

ACh path for para fxns

Answer 14

para ganglia (postgang) –> gland/SM/cardiac –> muscarinic –> para fxn

Question 15

ACh path for neuromodulation (memory consolidation)

Answer 15

basal forebrain –> cerebral cortex –> muscarinic and nicotinic subtypes –> neuromod

Question 16

ACh path for neuromodulation (sleep/wake cycles)

Answer 16

pontomesencephalic region –> thalamuc, cerebellum, pons, medulla –> musc and nic subtypes –> neuromod

Question 17

myelin forming glial cells

Answer 17

oligodendrocytes: myelinate up to 50 segments of 50 diff axons (CNS)
schwann: myelinate 1 segment of 1 axon (PNS)

Question 18

autoimmune demyelinating diseases

Answer 18

MS (oligo)

guillan-barre (schwann)

Question 19

MS mechanism

Answer 19

oligo-formed myelin becomes inflammed and impairs transmission in CNS
plaques form where demyelinating

Question 20

MS Sx

Answer 20

symptoms can be many places (and not symmetrical) and may get worse or better in time

Question 21

CN/SN affected my MS

Answer 21

only optic nerve (CN II)

Question 22

MS eye problems

Answer 22

most common cause of optic neuritis (blurry vision)

Question 23

MS CSF

Answer 23

up gamma globulin
up T-lymphocytes
normal glucose

Question 24

guillain-barre mech

Answer 24

schwann-formed myelin becomes inflammed following a resp or GI illness, blocking transmission

Question 25

guillain-barre sx

Answer 25

only affect motor axons (weakness in limbs)
usually symmetrical
ascending

Question 26

guillain-barre sx

Answer 26

only affect motor axons (weakness in limbs)
usually symmetrical
ascending

Question 27

regeneration of nerve

Answer 27

only in PNS (schwann)

really slow - 1-2 mm/day