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Y2: BL2301 > neurons and their structures > Flashcards

neurons and their structures Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three main functions of neurons

A

receive information
conduct information
transmit information

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2
Q

what are the two features of output on neurons

A

synaptic boutons and terminal branches

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3
Q

what are two differences with other cell types

A

large number of proteins are required to be made, hence rER is enteive ‘NIssl substance’
neurons are secretory cells therfore lot of transcription hence larger nucleus

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4
Q

what are dendrites

A

an extension of the cell body

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5
Q

what can be found at the base of dendrites

A

rER and sER

also mitochondria, free ribosomes , microtubules and microfilaments

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6
Q

what are dendritic spines

A

protrusion on dendritic shaft

synapses form here

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7
Q

what does number of spines represent

A

influencedby disease and input

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8
Q

what do spines not contain

A

mitochondria, microtubules, neurofilaments

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9
Q

what are axons

A

single specialised process but branches at the end generally thinner and longer than dendrites

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10
Q

what are the four parts of axons

A

initial segment- axon hillock
axon processes
synaptic boutons
growth cones

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11
Q

describe 3 features of initial segment

A

lacks ribosomes
contains bundles of microtubules and neurofilaments
voltage gated Na channels and other transmembrane proteins

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12
Q

where is initial segment located

A

ends at start of myelination and is beginning of action potential

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13
Q

describe 3 features of axon processes

A

has normal organelles but no ribosomes
diameter varies
can be myelinated

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14
Q

what do synaptic boutons contain

A

neurotransmitter in secretory vesicles, mitochondria but no microtubulues

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15
Q

what does the connecting membrane on synaptic bouton contain

A

large amount of protein

the post synaptic density- PSD

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16
Q

what are growth cones have the ability for

A

the ability to be very motile

capacity to detect environmental cues

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17
Q

what happens to growth cone cues

A

turned into signals that determine rate and direction

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18
Q

what are growth cones important for

A

development of the nervous system

19
Q

describe the structure of growth cones (6)

A 
lamellipodia
filopodia
p-domain
t-domain
c-domain
cones can vary in shape and sizes in these domains
20
Q

what is lamellipoda

A

flattened at the tip into a thin fan shaped sheet

21
Q

what is filipodia

A

with many very thin spikes radiating forward

22
Q

what is the p domain

A

peripheral

lamellipodia and filopodia

23
Q

what is the t- domain

A

transition

interface of the p and c domain

24
Q

what is the c domain

A

thicker region containing organelles, vesicles

25
Q

what is present in growth cones

A

filipodia and lamellipodia

26
Q

what do filipodia and lamellipodia contain

A

actin filaments, actin devoid in c domain

27
Q

describe neurofilaments in growth cones

A

extend as far as the axon, do not penetrate into lamellae

28
Q

describe microtubules in growth cones

A

extend further into the lamellae

29
Q

what are the three processes of axon growth

A

protrusion
engorgment
consolidation

30
Q

what is portrusion

A

rapid extensions of filipodia / thin lamallae containing aactin

31
Q

what is engrogment

A

microtubules invade protrusions brining vesicles and organelles

32
Q

what is consolidation

A

actin depolymerises in the neck of the growth cone, membrane shrinks forming cylindrical shaft

33
Q

what are two problems about having really long neurons

A

transport reterograde but also local synthesis (i.e. if cut, growth cone still grows)

34
Q

what are two cues growth cones can respond to

A

attracted or repelled

35
Q

what is fasciculation and which neurons undergo it

A

axons that undergo bundling
guidepost cells
pioneer axons
follower axons

36
Q

what can chemical signals affect

A

growth factors secreted by cells
substrates
other cells using adhesion receptors

37
Q

what are three physical signals

A

tactile
electric
photonic

38
Q

what are 5 ways to classify neurons

A 
number of neurites- axons or dendrites
number of dendrites
type of connections
axinal length
neurotransmitter released
39
Q

what are ligand gated ion channels and g protein linked receptors

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

40
Q

what is the structure of neuromuscular junction in pns

A

junctional folds found on the postsynaptic side of the NMJ increase the number of Ach receptors that are exposed to release of neurotransmitter resulting in very efficient transmission

41
Q

what does removal of neurotransmitter from post synaptic cleft do

A

prevetns desensitisation of receptor and interference with new incoming signals

42
Q

what are two mechanisms of neurotransmitter removal from post synaptic cleft

A

enzymatic degredation

acetylocholinesterase

43
Q

what is myasthenia gravia

A

autoimmune disorder
decrease in number of functional Ach receptors in neuromuscular junctions
progressive muscular weakness

Y2: BL2301 (20 decks)

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