Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y2: BL2301 > Glossary > Flashcards

Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

spontaneous generation

A

living organisms arise from non living matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

louis pasteur

A

microorganisms are carried in the air and the root of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Semmolweis

A

found doctors transferred invisible agent

lead to hand washing and sterilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

germ theory

A

microorganisms cause some/all disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

selective toxicity

A

‘magic bullet’

molecule kills pathogens but doesn’t harm human cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pathogen

A

organism that causes disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

virulence

A

degree of pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

epidemology

A

study of determinants, occurance and spread of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

non specific defenses

A

not directed at particular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

specific defenses

A

mediated by hosts immune system and directed at particular organisms
humoral
cell-mediated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

phagocytosis

A

defence mechanism where bacteria and viruses are ingested by scavaging cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytes

contain antimicrobial compounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

macrophages

A

initate inflammatory response

antibacterial when active

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

complement proteins

A

complex of blood proteins produced in cascade

enhances phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

opsonins

A

antibodies and complement proteins that enhance phagocytosis by opsonisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

peptidoglycan

A

thick rigid layer composed of overlapping lattice of two sugars crosslinked by peptide bridges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

tetrapide

A

always attached to NAM sugar in peptidoglycan

contains both D and L amino acids=weird

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

nucleoid

A

structure containing a single chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DNA gyrase

A

packs DNA into cells via supercoiling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

spores

A

endospores are dormant survival structures in G+ cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

capsules

A

determinants of virulence made from polysacchardide slime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

pili

A

protein tubes in G- bacteria

have pilus and lectin components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

virulence factors

A

influence ability to cause disease- promote colonisation and harm host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

endotoxins and exotoxins

A

virulence factors that damage host

endotoxins are called LPS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

adhesions

A

proteins in bacterial cell wall

allows intimate binding to host cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

invasins

A

proteins in bacterial cell wall that allow penetration of host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

flagella

A

enable motility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

IgG

A

stick antigens to phagocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

A-B toxins

A

interfere with host cell function by ADP-ribosylaytion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

teichoic acid

A

found in G+ cell wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

protozoans

A

unicellular eukaryotes

motile stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

trophozoite

A

active growing stage of parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

sporozoite

A

motile infectious stage of parasite

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

DALY

A

disability adjusted life year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

YLL

A

sum of years life lost due to premature mortality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

YLD

A

years lost due to disability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

NTDs

A

neglected tropical disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

endosymbiosis

A

process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts developed by engulfment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

didinium

A

carnivorous protozoan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

dictysostelium

A

the slime mould

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

the 3 Rs

A

reduce
refine
replace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

phospholipid head group

A

choline
phosphate
glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

phosphoglycerides head groups

A

ethanolamine
serine
choline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

sphingomyelin

A

18 carbon sphingosine molecule

50-60% lipid mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

beta barrel/sheets

A

multipath transmembrane protien

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

glycophorin a

A

single pathway alpha helical transmembrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

bacteriorhodopsin

A

multipathway alpha helical transmembrane protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

translocon

A

channel to insert poypeptide into ER lumen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

chaperons

A

family of HSC70

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

set 62/63 complex

A

closely associated with translocon

binding on post translational translocation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

n linked glycosylation

A

proteins glycocylated on specific argenine residues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

COP1

A

coating covering vesicles moving to the ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

COPII

A

coating covering vesicles moving away from ER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

vestibular tubular cluster

A

where vesicles from ER meet cis Golgi network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

di acidic amino acids

A

ER exit signal

57
Q

di hydrophobic

A

ER exit signal

58
Q

KDEl sequence

A

recycling system component for ER ang Golgi complex

59
Q

glycosylation

A

determines cellular location

60
Q

sphingomyelin

A

phospholipid formed from precursor ceramide

61
Q

glycolipids

A

formed from precursor ceramide

62
Q

cermaide

A

composed of:
sphingocine
fatty acid

63
Q

dynamic instability

A

microtubules continually grow and then shrink back rapidly

64
Q

anoxeme

A

conserved in evolution

65
Q

tetramer

A

rope like structure

66
Q

occluding junctions

A

seal cells of epithelium

67
Q

claudins and occludins

A

in tight junctions

68
Q

anchoring junctons

A

mechanically attach cells to other cells or matrix

69
Q

cadherins

A

cell-cell transmembrane proteins in adheres junctions and desmosomes

70
Q

integrins

A

cell-matrix transmembrane proteins in focal adhesions and hemidesmosomes

71
Q

plectin

A

anchoring proteins in hemidesmosomes

72
Q

communicating junctions

A

mediate passage of chemical or electrical signals between interacting cells

73
Q

connexins

A

form gap junctions

made from 6 connexon proteins

74
Q

plasmodesmata

A

plants junction

75
Q

leukaemia

A

links nucleus to human disease

76
Q

CAG triplet disease

A

links nucleus to human disease

77
Q

laminopathies

A

links nucleus to human diseases

78
Q

spinal muscular atrophy

A

links nucleus to human diseases

79
Q

fibrillar centre

A

site in nucleoulus for genes encoding RNA

80
Q

dense fibrillar component

A

site of rRNA processing in the nucleolus

81
Q

granular component

A

site of assembly of ribosomes subunits in nucleolus

82
Q

PLM bodies

A

transcription regulation

83
Q

cleavage bodies

A

formation of 3’ end of DNA

84
Q

cajal bodies

A

synthesis of snRNP splicing factors

85
Q

karyopherins

A

importins and exportins

having binding sites for FG repeats

86
Q

ranGTP/ranGDP

A

ras-related nuclear protein

controls transport direction across nuclear pore complex

87
Q

ranGAP

A

ran GTP-ase activating protein

in the cytoplasm

88
Q

ranGEF

A

ran guanine nucleotide exchange factor

attached to chromatin

89
Q

FG repeats

A

found on nuclear pore proteins

90
Q

s-phase

A

period during which chromosome are replicated

91
Q

m-phase

92
Q

sister chromatid cohesion

A

holds chromatids together

93
Q

biochemical switches

A

ordered to ensure stages occur in the correct order

94
Q

checkpoints

A

ensure later events do not occur until previous stages are satisfactpry

95
Q

conditional lethal mutants

A

inactivate genes without killing cell

96
Q

catalytic subunit

A

protein kinase CDK

present at constant level through cell cycle

97
Q

regulatory subunit

A

cyclins not at constant level in cell cycle

98
Q

GI/S cyclins

A

activate cdks in late G1

called ‘start’

99
Q

s-phase cyclins

A

interact with cdks just after start

100
Q

m-phase cyclins

A

activate cdks driving entry to mitosis

101
Q

CAK enzyme

A

phosphorylates serine or threonine in t-loop of CDK

102
Q

Wee 1 protein kinase

A

phosphorylates CDK1

103
Q

Cdc25 phosphoprotein phosphatase

A

removes phosphates to relieve inhibition

104
Q

p27 CKI

A

inactivates CDK-cyclin complexes

105
Q

CKI

A

CDK-inhibitor proteins

106
Q

APC/C

A

ubiquitin ligase that intiates degradation by proteosome

107
Q

lys48

A

joins ubiquitin ligase chains

108
Q

Cdc20

A

activates APC/C mid mitosis

109
Q

Cdh1

A

activates APC/C in ealry G1

110
Q

securin

A

ubiquitin ligase

111
Q

separase

A

protease that cleaves cohesion

112
Q

Sld2 and Sld3

A

S-CDK phosphorylates these

to facilitate assembly of CMG complex

113
Q

CMG complex

A

replicative helicasee

114
Q

DDK

A

protein kinase

required to gully activate CMG complex

115
Q

M-CDK

A

phosphorylates condensin subunits for chromosome condensation

116
Q

post synaptic density

A

PSD

connecting membrane contains a large amount of protein

117
Q

lamellipodia

A

flattened at tip into a thin fan shaped sheet

118
Q

filopodia

A

very many spikes radiating forward

119
Q

acetylcholinesterase

A

ach molcules hydrolysed

120
Q

myasthenia gravia

A

lack of functional ach receptors

–> no action potentials

121
Q

protoplasmic

A

astrocytes in grey matter

122
Q

fibrous

A

astrocytes in white matter

123
Q

MHC1 and MHC2

A

produces by microglia

antigen presenting cells to t cells

124
Q

mesaxon

A

on axon

processes wrapped around axon in myelination

125
Q

differentiation

A

process by which cells undergo overtly specialised cell type

126
Q

specification

A

if you can isolate cells and tissues and they still form what they were meant ot

127
Q

induction

A

process by which one region interacts with a second region to influence seond region

128
Q

determination

A

progressive restriction in developmental potential of different cell types

129
Q

competence

A

cells may be competent to receive signals only for a short time

130
Q

regulative developemt

A

each blastomere capable of producing single embryos

131
Q

mosaic development

A

blastomeres incomplete and development is arrested

132
Q

assymetric inheritance

A

uneven distribution in cell separation

133
Q

morphogen

A

signalling molecule acts directly on cells to produce specific response

134
Q

lateral inhibition

A

act as signalling ventres for further patterning

135
Q

notch signalling

A

transient asymmetry is enough

136
Q

ascidians

A

models for development

urochordates

137
Q

eph/ephrin

A

niche that is specialised microenvornment in intestinal crypt

138
Q

beta-catenin

A

multi functional and adhesion is wnt signalling

Y2: BL2301 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions