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Zoology 111 > Neuron System > Flashcards

Neuron System Flashcards

1
Q

This is a functional unit of the nervous system that produce signals communicated throughout the body

A

Neuron

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2
Q

This is the ability to respond to stimuli

A

Excitability

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3
Q

The ability to conduct a signal

A

Conductability

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4
Q

Also called apparent neurons, they either act as receptors themselves or are activated by them

A

Sensory Neurons

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5
Q

These receive signals from sensory neurons and transmit to motor neurons

A

Interneurons

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6
Q

Also known as effectors or efferent, they send processed information via signals to the body effectors

A

Motor Neurons

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7
Q

The part of the neuron that collects signals

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Also known as the soma, this part of the neuron integrates incoming signals and generates outgoing signals

A

Cell Body

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9
Q

This passes electrical signals to the dendrites of another cell to an effector

A

Axon

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10
Q

The covering of an axon

A

Myelin Sheath

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11
Q

This is the covering of a myelin sheath that creates its segments/gaps

A

Neurolemmocyte

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12
Q

What is the language or signal of a neuron?

A

Nerve Impulse / Action Potential

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13
Q

The key to a nerve impulse is the neuron’s _____ and its properties

A

Plasma Membrane

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14
Q

This membrane is impermeable to charged ions

A

Lipid Bilayer Membrane

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15
Q

These are special proteins in which ions enter through the neuron

A

Ion Channels

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16
Q

True or False: Ion Channels are always open for passage

A

False, they may close or be inactive

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17
Q

Ion channels that have changed according to voltage are called _____

A

Voltage-gated Ion Channels

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18
Q

What is the purpose of voltage-gated ion channels?

A

To regulate ion concentrations in and out of the cell

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19
Q

Membrane Potential at rest is estimated to be _____

A

-70mV

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20
Q

True or False: The inside of a neuron is mostly negative

A

True, the outside is positive

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21
Q

This is a transport protein that constantly pumps 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions into the cell

A

Sodium-Potassium Pump

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22
Q

Electric Signals are produced by changes in the _____

A

Membrane Potential

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23
Q

Short distance signaling

A

Graded Potential

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24
Q

Long-distance signaling or a momentary reversal of membrane potential

A

Action Potential

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25
Q

This lessens the polarization of the membrane potential and brings it closer to 0

A

Depolarization

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26
Q

When this potential is reached, many ion channels open and the axon fires

A

Threshold Membrane Potential

27
Q

This is the falling phase after the peak and the exit of potassium ions

A

Repolarization

28
Q

After repolarization, the membrane potential becomes extremely negative, this is _____

A

Hyperpolarization

29
Q

This is the rest time after the firing of a neuron

A

Refractory Period

30
Q

Equilibrium Potential of Sodium (Na)?

A

+58mV

31
Q

Equilibrium Potential of Potassium (K)?

A

-93mV

32
Q

This is the period between the dendrites and axon of 2 neurons

A

Synapse

33
Q

A type of synapse wherein impulses are translated directly from neuron to neuron

A

Electrical Synapse

34
Q

A type of synapse wherein impulses travel through neurotransmitters

A

Chemical Synapse

35
Q

Cnidarians have one of the simplest nervous systems, they have a _____ that can move signals bi-directionally over the body

A

Nerve Net

36
Q

Worms’ nervous system move in a forward direction, and their sensory receptors are focused in the head. This makeshift brain containing their nerve and sensory receptors is called _____

A

Ganglia

37
Q

This is the part of the nervous system of echinoderms that develop in the ectoderm

A

Ectoneural System

38
Q

This part of the echinoderm nervous system focuses in the motor functions

A

Hyponeural System

39
Q

True or False: With evolution, the number of interneurons in the brain of vertebrates has decreased

A

False, they have increased

40
Q

This contains the brain and spinal cord, as well as the integrative and control centers

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

41
Q

This contains the cranial and spinal nerves

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

42
Q

Part of the PNS that conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS and contains the somatic and visceral sensory nerve fibers

A

Sensory Division

43
Q

Part of the PNS that conducts impulses from CNS to effectors and contains the motor nerve fibers

A

Motor Division

44
Q

The voluntary nervous system, it conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic NS

45
Q

The involuntary nervous system, it conducts impulses from the CNS to the cardiac, smooth muscles and glands

A

Autonomic NS

46
Q

This part of the Autonomic NS mobilizes the body systems during activity

A

Sympathetic

47
Q

This part of the Autonomic NS conserves energy and promotes housekeeping during rest

A

Parasympathetic

48
Q

This is the link between the brain and the rest of the body

A

Spinal Cord

49
Q

This is the predictable, involuntary response to stimuli

A

Reflex

50
Q

What does the neural canal of the spinal cord contain?

A

3 spinal fluids

51
Q

This part of the spinal cord consists of cell bodies and dendrites and is concerned with reflex connections

A

Gray Matter

52
Q

True or False: During embryonic development, the vertebral brain expands into a hollow tube of muscle tissue

A

False, it develops into nervous tissue

53
Q

These consist of cells that can convert environmental stimuli into nerve impulses

A

Sensory Receptors

54
Q

These receptors detect mechanical changes

A

Tactile Receptors

55
Q

These receptors detect changes in pressure

A

Baroreceptors

56
Q

A function of the lateral line system in the head and body of fish consists of sensory pores in the epidermis and detects objects and locations in the water

A

Electric Sensing

57
Q

A function of the lateral line that can be excited by sound, touch or muscular contractions

A

Mechanoreception

58
Q

Mechanoreceptors of fish and amphibians are called _____?

A

Neuromasts

59
Q

An apparatus of the ear that focuses on hearing

A

Auditory Apparatus

60
Q

An apparatus of the ear that focuses on posture and equilibrium in the air

A

Vestibular Apparatus

61
Q

These are pain receptors or receive damaging stimuli

A

Nociceptors

62
Q

Can be sonar or biosonar and can determine distance and depth

A

Echolocation

63
Q

Cells for smell, each ends in cilia with receptor sites

A

Olfactory Epithelium Anatomy

Zoology 111 (8 decks)

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