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OCC2020 - Anatomy > Neuromuscular Disease (NMD) > Flashcards

Neuromuscular Disease (NMD) Flashcards

1
Q

define the neuromuscular system

A

combination of the nervous system and muscles working together to permit movement

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2
Q

what is a neuron, and what does it consist of?

A

A basic unit of nervous tissue; made up from:

  • nerve cell bodies
  • dendrites
  • axons
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3
Q

define what a nerve is

A

a bundle of axons held together with connective tissue

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4
Q

function of myelin sheath

A
  • insulation

- protection

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5
Q

list the 3 different types of muscles

A
  1. skeletal
  2. cardiac
  3. smooth
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6
Q

list the 3 characteristics of muscle tissue

A
  1. excitable
  2. conductive
  3. elastic
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7
Q

function of skeletal muscle

A

Contracts in response to stimulation by somatic motor nerves which conveys impulses from the CNS

functions:
- maintains posture
- supports soft tissue
- maintain body temperature via shivering

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8
Q

list the characters of skeletal muscle - myofibrils

A
  • densely packed
  • aligned
  • rod like elements
  • contain sarcomeres (contractile units)
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9
Q

list the characteristics of skeletal muscle - sarcomeres

A
  • functional units of muscle fibres
  • align along the myofibril
  • composed of thick and then myofilaments
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10
Q

list the steps of sliding filament mechanism of contraction

A
  1. Myosin attaches to actin
    (which then pulls actin towards centre of sarcomere)
  2. Pulls z lines towards each other
  3. sarcomeres shorten, muscle fibres shorten, entire muscle contracts = movement
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11
Q

Describe the Neuromuscular Junction (NMJ)

A
  • situated midway along length of muscle fibre

- contain nicotinic receptors

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12
Q

At rest what is the body’s muscle tone

A

partially contracted (taut)

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13
Q

how is a taut muscle tone maintained at rest

A

different motor units contracting at different times

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14
Q

is muscle tone present when sleeping or unconscious

A

no

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15
Q

what happens when skeletal muscle is damaged

A

due to skeletal muscle fibres not being able to divide; will be replaced by scar tissue which is non contractile

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16
Q

describe hypertrophy

A
  • response to regular and forceful use of a muscle

- increase in number of contractile proteins and diameter of individual fibres

17
Q

describe atrophy

A

Response to disuse

- fibres shrink as contractile proteins are broken down and recycled

18
Q

Define Neuromuscular Disease

A

Includes all diseases/disorders that impairs the functioning of muscles either:

  • directly; due to muscle pathology
  • indirectly; due to nervous system
19
Q

list the causes of NMD

A
  • failure of electrical impulses to be conveyed to nerve
  • failure of chemical message to bridge synaptic cleft
  • failure of muscle to contract
20
Q

Symptoms of NMD

A
  • muscle weakness
  • atrophy
  • continuous spasm (myotonia)
  • muscle twitching
  • pain
  • breathing or swallowing difficulty
21
Q

Causes of NMD

A
  • genetic mutation
  • viral infection
  • auto immune disorder
  • hormonal disorder
  • metabolic disorder
  • dietary deficiency
  • drugs
  • unknown
22
Q

at what level of the motor pathway does Parkinson’s disease originate

A
  • basal ganglia (produces dopamine)

- substantianigra

23
Q

what is Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

A

progressive muscle wasting involving mutation of DNA

24
Q

at what level of the motor pathway does DMD originate

A

muscles

25
Q

are there sensory abnormalities with DMD

A

no

26
Q

Myasthenia Gravis (MG) at what level of the motor pathway does it originate

A

at the neuromuscular junction

27
Q

what is a myasthenia crisis

A

This consists of life-threatening muscle weakness that can include breathing problem muscle weakness that can include breathing problems.

28
Q

what is MS

A

affects the CNS. It interferes with the nerve impulses within the
brain, spinal cord and optic nerves.

involves the destruction of the myelin sheaths
which affects the speed of nerve impulses from the CNS to the PNS.

29
Q

what motor neurone disease

A

neurodegenerative disease that causes rapidly progressive muscle weakness. Specifically, the disease affects nerve cells (motor neurons) that control the muscles that enable you to move, speak, breathe and swallow

30
Q

at what level of the motor pathway does MND originate

A
  • upper motor neurone

- lower motor neurone

31
Q

what cells does MND involve

A
  • nerve tissue

- muscle tissue

OCC2020 - Anatomy (8 decks)

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