Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OCC2020 - Anatomy > Ageing > Flashcards

Ageing Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 theories of ageing

A
  1. programmed theory

2. error theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are the 3 theories that fall under programmed theory

A
  1. programmed longevity
  2. endocrine theory
  3. immunological theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

define programmed longevity

A

ageing is the result of genes being switched off over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define endocrine theory

A

the biological clock acts through hormones to control rate go ageing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

define immunological theory

A

immune system is programmed to decline over time. Leading to an increase in infectious disease and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 4 theories that fall under error theory

A
  1. wear and tear theory
  2. cross linking theory
  3. free radical theory
  4. somatic DNA damage theory
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define wear and tear theory

A

cells and tissues wear out from repeated use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

define cross linking theory

A

accumulation of cross linked proteins damage cells and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

define free radical theory

A

free radicals cause damage to macromolecular components of cells - which causes accumulative damage, impaired function and cell ageing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define somatic DNA damage theory

A

accumulation of DNA damage to cells causing ageing. Talameres shorten with each division of cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define primary ageing

A

changes that we expect, even if remaining healthy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define secondary ageing

A

the degenerative diseases which become more common with age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what happens to blood supply in the nervous system as a result of ageing

A

blood supply decreases which is associated with a decline in brain mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

list the age related changes of the lens

A
  • thickens
  • yellows (calls for an increase in light to stimulate receptors)
  • clouds
  • less elastic

(also the cornea thickens and pupil size declines)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are the 2 conditions that affect accomodation

A
  1. presbyopia

2. hyperbola

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

define presbyopia

A

hyperbola caused by a decline in elasticity of the lens

17
Q

define hyperbola

A

being unable to focus pictures on the back of the eye

18
Q

what is a cataract

A

clouding of the lens that disperses light entering the eye

19
Q

what are the 2 categories of hearing loss

A
  1. conductive

2. sensory neural (cochlea or nerve damage)

20
Q

list some of the changes to hearing that occur due to ageing

A
  • decline in elasticity of the tympanic membrane
  • impaired articulation of the ossicles
  • loss of neurones in the auditory cortex
  • accumulation of noise damage
  • high pitch more difficult to hear
21
Q

list some of the changes to balance that occur due to ageing

A
  • loss of hair cells

- degeneration of otiliths (?decline in proprioception) \

22
Q

what are the 3 physical characteristics of the cardiovascular system,

A
  1. distensibility
  2. contractility
  3. elasticity
23
Q

what are the 3 clinical functions

A
  1. blood pressure
  2. cardiac output
  3. heart rate
24
Q

how is blood pressure affected as a result of ageing

A

blood pressure is influenced by peripheral resistance.

Peripheral resistance > with age = > BP

25
Q

what are the 3 factors that determine cardiac output

A
  1. contractility
  2. end diastolic volume
  3. heart rate
26
Q

list the change that occurs to End Diastolic Volume as a result of ageing

A

An increase in age leads to a < in diastolic filling due to L ventricle stiffness which can lead to atrial fibrillation and ultimately heart failure

27
Q

what change occurs with heart rate as a result of ageing

A

a decline in HR in response to exercise, secondary to a decline in response to adrenaline/noradrenaline

28
Q

how is the baroreceptor function and postural hypertension affected as a result of ageing

A
  • baroreceptor reflex declines with age

- a decline in this reflex can lead to postural hypotension and fainting

29
Q

list some of the changes to the respiratory system as a result of ageing

A
  • loss of elastic lung recoil due to damage to fibres in alveolar walls
  • thinning and disruption of alveolar walls = < alveolar surface
  • rib cartilage becomes calcified = more muscle effort required
30
Q

what imbalances can a decline in globular filtration lead to (renal system)

A
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • acid base balance
  • reduced creating clearance
  • reduced clearance of toxins
31
Q

what can lead to an incline in incontinence (renal system)

A
  • decline in elasticity and volume of bladder
  • loss of sphincter tone
  • poor control
32
Q

list some changes of the gastrointestinal tract due to ageing

A
  • decline in food intake
  • decline in calorific requirement
  • decline in senses
  • decline in peristalsis = constipation
33
Q

define sarcopenia

A

muscle atrophy and decline in mass

34
Q

list causes of sarcopenia

A 
< exercise 
< hormone levels 
< motor neurons 
< fibres = > fat 
< effectiveness of mitochondria
35
Q

how can sarcopenia be prevented

A
  • continuing activity

- weight lifting as it encourages osteoblasts to deposit calcium

36
Q

list some changes to the skin due to ageing

A
  • < contact between epidermis and dermis results in easy separation by simple trauma
  • < melanocytes = grey hair
  • < sweat glands = > heat stroke

OCC2020 - Anatomy (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions