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OCC2020 - Anatomy > Amputation and Diabetes > Flashcards

Amputation and Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

what is the main cause of lower limb amputation

A

peripheral vascular disease (PVD)

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2
Q

what causes peripheral vascular disease

A
  • diabetes
  • hypertension
  • hyperlipidaemia
  • smoking
  • atherosclerosis
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3
Q

define peripheral vascular disease

A

The narrowing of blood vessels outside of the heart and brain

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4
Q

how can an artery be opened once affected by PVD

A

a stent to open blocked artery and remove black build up

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5
Q

define atherosclerosis

A

the process of occlusion

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6
Q

list the steps that lead from PVD to amputation

A
  1. Impaired circulation
  2. oedema
  3. decline in circulation
  4. ulcers;/infection
  5. impaired healing
  6. gangrene
  7. amputation
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7
Q

What symptoms can be observed in a skin assessment to diagnose PVD

A

decline in hair growth
dry appearance
thickened nails
decline in pulse

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8
Q

what symptoms can be observed in an assessment of ulcer to diagnose PVD

A
  • pain
  • odour
  • location e.g. heels, phalanges
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9
Q

list treatments for PVD

A
  • medications
  • angioplasty (stent to open artery + meds to dissolve plaque)
  • vascular surgery
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10
Q

list the causes of upper limb amputation

A
  • severe trauma
  • PVD
  • thermal burns/frost bite
  • severe blood loss/nerve damage
  • tissue necrosis
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11
Q

define hyperglycaemia

A

A high blood glucose level

There is an inability of cells to take in glucose from blood due to lack of/defect of inulin

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12
Q

define insulin

A

a hormone that allows transport of glucose into the cells, lowering the blood glucose levels

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13
Q

where is insulin located

A

packed into granules with B cells

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14
Q

when is insulin triggered to be released

A

when there is an increase in blood glucose levels

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15
Q

What will happen when the pancreas secretes insulin and B cells synthesise

A

a decline in blood glucose levels

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16
Q

what will happen when the pancreas secretes glucagon and A cells synthesis

A

an increase in blood glucose levels

17
Q

What occurs in the Absorptive (fed) state

A

anabolic processes use glucose in a variety of ways.

In the liver, glucose is converted to glycogen or fat, which store energy for future use.

Fat is also stored in adipose tissue and glycogen in muscle tissue.

18
Q

What occurs in the Post absorptive (fasting) state

A
  • pancreas releases glucagon
  • stored glycogen is broken down into glucose
  • liver makes glucose from amino acids
19
Q

what is the normal blood glucose level

A

4-6 mmol/L

20
Q

what is the normal fasting blood glucose level

A

7.8 mmol/L

21
Q

what is the normal 2h post ingestion level

A

11.1 mmol/L

22
Q

list the characteristics of Type 1 Diabetes

A
  • absolute lack of insulin
  • T cells destroy B cells
  • glucose cannot enter cell
23
Q

what is the livers role in Type 1 diabetes

A

increased break down of stored glycogen

increased production of glucose from non carb sources l

24
Q

list the characteristics of type 2 diabetes

A
  • insulin resistance

- glucose can not enter if cells are not responding to insulin

25
Q

what occurs if an individual has type 2 diabetes - resistance type

A

decreased ability of peripheral tissues to respond to insulin

26
Q

what occurs if an individual has type 2 diabetes - deficiency

A
  • B cell dysfunction

- inadequate insulin secretion

27
Q

list treatment options for type 1

A
  • insulin to increase glucose uptake and decrease amino acids
28
Q

list treatment options for type 2

A
  • diet and exercise

- oral hypoglycaemic agents to stimulate insulin release and decrease resistance

29
Q

what is an acute consequence of uncontrolled hyperglycaemia

A
  • diabetic keto acidosis

- non ketotic hyperosmolar coma

30
Q

what are the 2 chronic consequences of uncontrolled hyperglycaemia

A
  1. Vascular complications

2. Neuropathies

31
Q

list 2 vascular complications as a result uncontrolled hyperglycaemia

A
  1. macro vascular
    - damage to large blood vessels of brain, heart and extremities.
  2. Microvascular
    - thickening of basement membrane and capillaries
32
Q

define diabetic neuropathy

A

Damage to peripheral nerves secondary to chronic uncontrolled hyperglycaemia

  • results in loss of feeling in hands and feet
  • decreased pain awareness
33
Q

define diabetic foot

A
  • due to PVD or neuropathy

- loss of sensation, impaired wound healing, infection, gangrene

34
Q

ulcers

A

due to peripheral neuropathy which can develop into infection

OCC2020 - Anatomy (8 decks)

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