neuromuscular control Flashcards
the upper limb is an organ of?
Manipulation
what determines the position of the scapula? Name them?
Muscles; Trapezius; Serratus Anterior; Pectorals; Latissimus Dorsi; Rhomboids
what can causes winging of the scapula
weakness or paralysis of the Serratus anterior
what is a postural muscle
a muscle that is active to maintain normal posture
what are the two postural muscles of the shoulder?
Trapezius; Supraspinatus
how many heads do the pectorals major have? What are they?
two; Clavicular and the sternocostal
what are the rotator cuff muscles? What is there major purpose?
infraspinatus; Teres minor; Subscapularis; Supraspinatus; they act as dynamic ligaments to stabilise the glenohumeral joint; during manipulative tasks the rotator cuff muscles act as fixators of the shoulder
the strength of a muscles is determined by what two things?
the size of the muscle and the leverage it has
at a very basic level what are the three functions of muscles?
Produce torque; movement and stability
at a very basic level what are the two groups of muscles in the forearm?
The anteromedial group and the posterolateral group
what are the functions of musculotendinous units?
Musculotendinous units act: concentrically to produce movement; isometrically to stabilise joints; eccentrically to control movements
Musculotendinous units also provide what?
sensory feedback about muscle length and tendon forces
what are some broad roles of muscles?
Agonist; Antagonist; Synergists; Stabilisers; Fixators
what do agonists muscles do? What are the subtypes to this group?
muscles that produce the movement; Prime mover (main member of this group; Assistant movers (other members of this group)
What do antagonists muscles do?
Muscles that oppose the movement;
what do true synergists muscles do?
act to prevent the unwanted actions of the agonists muscles
what do co-synergists muscles do?
Help each other in one direction but oppose each other in another direction
what do Stabilisers muscles do?
Stabiles a joint; rather than produce movement
what do fixator muscles do?
Stabilise proximal joints to provide a stable base for contraction of more distal muscles
in the hand what is the refinance point?
the third digit
in the opposition of the thumb what are the three motions of the thumb?
abduction; Rotation; Flexion
what are the superficial muscles that connect the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle? What is there innervation? What CNS level is it at?
trapezius: spinal accessory(CN XI); sternocleidomastoid: spinal accessory (CN XI) & ventral rami: C2 C3 C4
what are the posterior muscles that connect the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
rhomboideus major: dorsal scapular:C4 C5 ; rhomboideus minor: dorsal scapular:C4 C5; levator scapulae: ventral rami dorsal scapular:C3 C4 C5
what are the Anterolateral muscles that connect the axial skeleton and the pectoral girdle? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
pectoralis minor: lateral & medial pectoral: C(5) C6 C7 C8 T1; subclavius: nerve to subclavius: C5 C6; serratus anterior: long thoracic: C5 C6 C7
what are the muscles connecting the axial skeleton and the humerus? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
pectoralis major (sternocostal head): lateral & medial pectoral: C(6) C7 C8 T1: Latissimus Dorsi: thoracodorsal: C6 C7 C8
what are the muscles connecting the Pectoral Girdle and the humerus (non-rotator cuff)? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
pectoralis major (Clavicular head): lateral & medial pectoral: C5 C6 C(7); deltoideus: axillary: C5 C6; teres major: lower subscapular: C(5) C6 C7; coracobrachialis: musculocutaneous C(5) C6 C7
what are the muscles connecting the Pectoral Girdle and the humerus (rotator cuff)? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
supraspinatus: suprascapular: C(4) C5 C6 infraspinatus: suprascapular: C(4) C5 C6 teres minor: axillary: C(4) C5 C6 Subscapularis: subscapular: C(5) C6 C7
what are the major muscles of the arm? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
biceps brachii: musculocutaneous: C5 C6 brachialis: musculocutaneous: C5 C6 triceps brachii: radial: C6 C7 C8
what are the major Anteromedial Superficial muscles of the Forearm What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
pronator teres: median: C6 C7 flexor carpi radialis: median: C6 C7 Palmaris longus: median: C6 C7 C8 flexor carpi ulnaris: ulnar: C7 C8 T1
what are the major Anteromedial Deep muscles of the Forearm What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
pronator quadratus: median: C7 C8 T1
what are the major Anteromedial Extrinsic Muscles of Hand (Intermediate & Deep)? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
flexor digitorum superficialis: median: C7 C8 T1; flexor digitorum profundus: median (lat) ulnar (med): C(7) C8 T1; flexor pollicis longus: median: C7 C8 T1
what are the major Posterolateral superficial muscles of the forearm? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
brachioradialis: radial: C5 C6 C7 C(8); extensor carpi radialis longus: radial: C6 C7; extensor carpi radialis brevis: radial: C6 C7 C8; extensor carpi ulnaris: radial: C(6) C7 C8; anconeus: radial: C(6) C7 C8 T1;
what are the major Posterolateral Deep muscles of the forearm? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
supinator: radial: C(5) C6 C7 C(8)
what are the major Posterolateral Extrinsic muscles of the hand (superficial) ? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
extensor digitorum: radial: C7 C8 T1; extensor digiti minimi: radial: C(6) C7 C8
what are the major Posterolateral Extrinsic muscles of the hand (Deep) ? What is there innervation? What CNS level(s) are they at?
abductor pollicis longus: radial: C6 C7 C8; extensor pollicis longus: radial: C(6) C7 C8; extensor pollicis brevis: radial: C(6) C7 C8; extensor indicis: radial: C(6) C7 C8;
what is the primary presenting compliant in a Median Nerve Injury?
Sensory loss on the lateral portion of the palmar surface of the hand.
