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Neuro > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

what is the neurocranium? What bones compose this?

A

six separate cranial bones. These bones are the frontal; parietal; ethmoid; and occipital bones; and include the paired temporal and sphenoid bones.

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2
Q

what is the cranial vault?

A

The cranial vault is the space in the skull within the neurocranium; occupied by the brain.

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3
Q

what is the cranial base?

A

The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull

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4
Q

the brain is also know as?

A

the brain is also know as the encephalon

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5
Q

the encephalon is composed of what?

A

Medulla oblongata; Pons; midbrain; diencephalon; cerebellum; cerebrum

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6
Q

the cerebrum is also know as?

A

The telencephalon

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7
Q

the forebrain is made up of?

A

cerebrum; diencephalon

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8
Q

the brainstem is made up of?

A

midbrain; pons; medulla oblongata

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9
Q

the pons and cerebellum make up what?

A

Metencephalon

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10
Q

the brain hemispheres are made up of?

A

the cerebrum and the diencephalon

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11
Q

the out surface of a hemisphere is characterised by the presence of?

A

gyri and sulci of the cerebrum

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12
Q

the diencephalon does not contain?

A

gyri and sulci

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13
Q

the cerebrum is composed of how many paired lobes? What are they named?

A

Frontal; parietal; occipital; temporal

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14
Q

the mammillary bodies are found on the? Both of these structures are part of the?

A

hypothalamus; diencephalon

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15
Q

any structure named thalamus resides in the?

A

diencephalon

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16
Q

the cerebrum is made up of what kind of matter? The diencephalon is made up of?

A

Grey (Cortex) and white matter; nuclia complex

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17
Q

what is a cerebral nuclei? This is also know as?

A

Grey mater located in the white matter of the cerebrum; also know as subcortical nuclei

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18
Q

what structures make up the cerebral nuclei?

A

Caudate nucleus; putamen; external pallidum; internal pallidum

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19
Q

the caudate nucleus forms the later wall of the?

A

lateral ventricle

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20
Q

the gap between the right and left diencephalon is the?

A

3rd ventricle

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21
Q

the lobes of the brain are named after?

A

the bones that surround the structures

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22
Q

what are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?

A

frontal lobe; parietal lobe; temporal lobe; occipital lobe

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23
Q

what divides the frontal and parietal lobes?

A

Central Sulcus

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24
Q

what divides the front and Temporal Lobe?

A

The Lateral sulcus

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25
Q

what divides the temporal and occipital lobes?

A

No Clear demarcation

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26
Q

what divides the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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27
Q

the hemispheres are divided by the?

A

Longitudinal cerebral fissure

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28
Q

on the floor of the lateral sulcus we find? What is it know as?

A

more gyri and sulcus; called the insula lobe or cortex or fifth lobe

29
Q

what are three poles?

A

Temporal; frontal; occipital

30
Q

what are the general functions of the four cerebral lobes?

A

frontal lobe: Motor output (control and planning); parietal lobe: Tactile sensation; temporal lobe: hearing and aspect of learning memory and emotion; occipital lobe: Vision

31
Q

what is located in gray matter?

A

Dendrites and cell bodies

32
Q

what are the three components of the neocortex?

A

Primary cortex; secondary cortex; association cortex

33
Q

the oldest part of the brain is? (evolutionary oldest) it contains?

A

Allocortex; hippocampal formation

34
Q

the mesocortex surrounds the? It makes up the?

A

diencephalon; limbic system

35
Q

what is the difference between the isocortex and the neocortex?

A

same thing

36
Q

how many cortical layers?

A

6

37
Q

what is significant about layer IV of the cortex?

A

Almost all thalamocortical fibbers (mostly sensory) end at this layer; Major sensory input layer of the cortex

38
Q

what is significant about layer V of the cortex?

A

Corticospinal; corticobulbar and corticopontine fibbers originate from this layer; major motor output layer of the cortex

39
Q

in the primary sensory cortex which layer is the biggest? In the primary motor cortex?

A

Layer IV; Layer V

40
Q

what is the difference between Granular cortex and Agranular cortex?

A

the granular cortex in the sensory cortex; the Agranular cortex is the motor cortex

41
Q

the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain are connected by?

A

corpus callosum and anterior commissure

42
Q

the corpus callosum connects what?

A

the homotypic regions of the frontal; parietal; occipital lobs

43
Q

the anterior commissure connects?

A

the temporal lobes

44
Q

association fibbers unite?

A

different part of the same cerebral hemisphere

45
Q

what are different types of association fibbers? What are there characteristics

A

Short (association) fibres (connect neighbouring gyri); Long (association) fibres (connect distant gyri); Superior longitudinal fascicle (connects occipital with frontal lobe); Inferior occipitotemporal (longitudinal) fascicle (connects occipital with temporal lobe): Cingulum and uncinate fascicle connect limbic cortices of temporal & frontal lobes

46
Q

The projection fibbers consist of? Connecting?

A

The projection fibbers consist of efferent (exiting) and afferent (arriving) fibbers connecting the cerebral cortex with the cerebral nuclei of the brain; brainstem; spinal cord; and the cerebellum

47
Q

all projection fibbers pass through?

A

Corona radiata

48
Q

efferent fibers are heading to? and afferent fibbers?

A

carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors; carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs towards the central nervous system.

49
Q

information form senses is first received by what? interpretation of senses is processed by?

A

Primary sensory cortex; secondary cortex

50
Q

In the visual cortex the primary visual cortex surrounds? What surrounds the primary visual cortex? What surrounds that?

A

Calcarine fissure is surrounded by the primary visual cortex; which is surrounded by the secondary visual cortex; which is surrounded by the visual association cortex

51
Q

in the primary visual cortex what is the stripe of Gennari?

A

a line of white matter in the grey matter area

52
Q

the primary auditory cortex is located?

A

It is located bilaterally; roughly at the upper sides of the temporal lobes (on the superior temporal plane; within the lateral fissure and comprising parts of Heschl’s gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus)

53
Q

Wernicke’s area is involved in? it is only present in? and it is interconnected with?

A

Wernicke?s area is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language (kind of like a specialized Scondary auditory cortex for the interpretation of language); one present in the dominate hemisphere; interconnected with Broca’s area

54
Q

what connects Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area?

A

Arcuate fascicle;

55
Q

the angular gyrus is? It is important because?

A

the angular gyrus in part of the secondary visual cortex; it forms a connection between the visual system and the auditory system specifically wernicke’s area; this allows for the processing of language that you read

56
Q

what are the functional fields of the parietal lobe?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex; secondary somatosensory cortex; tertiary association cortex; supramarginal gyrus; angular gyrus;

57
Q

where is the supramarginal gyrus located? Where is the angular gyrus;

A

Follow the lateral sulcus until it ends that area is the supramarginal gyrus; follow the superior temporal sulcus until it ends that area in the angular gyrus

58
Q

the frontal lobe is the? (size)

A

largest lobe

59
Q

what are the function fields of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary motor cortex; supplementary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca’s area; frontal eye field;

60
Q

the frontal eye field and Broca’s area are part of what? They are specialized for?

A

Premotor cortex; the frontal eye field specialized in movements of the eye; while Broca’s area is specialized for language production and comprehension

61
Q

the pyramidal tract of the brain consists of?

A

Corticonuclear track (Cranial Nerves); corticospinal tract (Spinal Nerves)

62
Q

what is the path of the pyramidal tract within the brain?

A

Corona radiata (subcortical) -> Internal capsule -> Crus cerebri of midbrain - > Base of pons -> Medullary pyramids

63
Q

the motor cortex is located where? What are the three divisions of the motor cortex?

A

Primary motor cortex; secondary cortices (Lateral region: premotor cortex; Medial region: Supplementary motor cortex); the prefrontal cortex

64
Q

describe the hierarchy of control in the motor cortex

A

Highest order: Strategy (prefrontal cortex); Tactics (Supplementary/ Premotor cortices); execution (Primary motor cortex) Lowest order

65
Q

The supplementary motor cortex contributes to?

A

The supplementary motor cortex contributes to learning sequence of movements (more planning than performing; predicts movements; mental rehearsal of movement; bimanual coordination); Initiates movements specified by internal rather than external cues

66
Q

what is the key difference between the Premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex?

A

the premotor cortex relies on the sensory feedback where the supplementary motor cortex does not

67
Q

The premotor cortex works closely with?

A

Cerebellum

68
Q

the pyramidal tract has most of its origins in what two areas?

A

the primary motor cortex (~80%): composed of about 40% from the premotor cortices; and the primary sensory cortex (~20%)

69
Q

most fibbers in the pyramidal tract cross at? Crossed fibbers descend in the? Uncrossed fibber descend in the? All fibbers of the corticospinal tract eventually?

A

Pyramid of the medulla; crossed fibbers descend in the lateral corticospinal track; uncrossed fibbers descend in the anterior corticospinal tract; all fibbers of the corticospinal tract will eventually decussate but a different levels; uncrossed fibbers decussate a the spinal level

Neuro (18 decks)

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