Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
what is the neurocranium? What bones compose this?
six separate cranial bones. These bones are the frontal; parietal; ethmoid; and occipital bones; and include the paired temporal and sphenoid bones.
what is the cranial vault?
The cranial vault is the space in the skull within the neurocranium; occupied by the brain.
what is the cranial base?
The base of skull is the most inferior area of the skull
the brain is also know as?
the brain is also know as the encephalon
the encephalon is composed of what?
Medulla oblongata; Pons; midbrain; diencephalon; cerebellum; cerebrum
the cerebrum is also know as?
The telencephalon
the forebrain is made up of?
cerebrum; diencephalon
the brainstem is made up of?
midbrain; pons; medulla oblongata
the pons and cerebellum make up what?
Metencephalon
the brain hemispheres are made up of?
the cerebrum and the diencephalon
the out surface of a hemisphere is characterised by the presence of?
gyri and sulci of the cerebrum
the diencephalon does not contain?
gyri and sulci
the cerebrum is composed of how many paired lobes? What are they named?
Frontal; parietal; occipital; temporal
the mammillary bodies are found on the? Both of these structures are part of the?
hypothalamus; diencephalon
any structure named thalamus resides in the?
diencephalon
the cerebrum is made up of what kind of matter? The diencephalon is made up of?
Grey (Cortex) and white matter; nuclia complex
what is a cerebral nuclei? This is also know as?
Grey mater located in the white matter of the cerebrum; also know as subcortical nuclei
what structures make up the cerebral nuclei?
Caudate nucleus; putamen; external pallidum; internal pallidum
the caudate nucleus forms the later wall of the?
lateral ventricle
the gap between the right and left diencephalon is the?
3rd ventricle
the lobes of the brain are named after?
the bones that surround the structures
what are the four lobes of the cerebral hemispheres?
frontal lobe; parietal lobe; temporal lobe; occipital lobe
what divides the frontal and parietal lobes?
Central Sulcus
what divides the front and Temporal Lobe?
The Lateral sulcus
what divides the temporal and occipital lobes?
No Clear demarcation
what divides the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe?
Parieto-occipital sulcus
the hemispheres are divided by the?
Longitudinal cerebral fissure
on the floor of the lateral sulcus we find? What is it know as?
more gyri and sulcus; called the insula lobe or cortex or fifth lobe
what are three poles?
Temporal; frontal; occipital
what are the general functions of the four cerebral lobes?
frontal lobe: Motor output (control and planning); parietal lobe: Tactile sensation; temporal lobe: hearing and aspect of learning memory and emotion; occipital lobe: Vision
what is located in gray matter?
Dendrites and cell bodies
what are the three components of the neocortex?
Primary cortex; secondary cortex; association cortex
the oldest part of the brain is? (evolutionary oldest) it contains?
Allocortex; hippocampal formation
the mesocortex surrounds the? It makes up the?
diencephalon; limbic system
what is the difference between the isocortex and the neocortex?
same thing
how many cortical layers?
6
what is significant about layer IV of the cortex?
Almost all thalamocortical fibbers (mostly sensory) end at this layer; Major sensory input layer of the cortex
what is significant about layer V of the cortex?
Corticospinal; corticobulbar and corticopontine fibbers originate from this layer; major motor output layer of the cortex
in the primary sensory cortex which layer is the biggest? In the primary motor cortex?
Layer IV; Layer V
what is the difference between Granular cortex and Agranular cortex?
the granular cortex in the sensory cortex; the Agranular cortex is the motor cortex
the two cerebral hemispheres of the brain are connected by?
corpus callosum and anterior commissure
the corpus callosum connects what?
the homotypic regions of the frontal; parietal; occipital lobs
the anterior commissure connects?
the temporal lobes
association fibbers unite?
different part of the same cerebral hemisphere
what are different types of association fibbers? What are there characteristics
Short (association) fibres (connect neighbouring gyri); Long (association) fibres (connect distant gyri); Superior longitudinal fascicle (connects occipital with frontal lobe); Inferior occipitotemporal (longitudinal) fascicle (connects occipital with temporal lobe): Cingulum and uncinate fascicle connect limbic cortices of temporal & frontal lobes
The projection fibbers consist of? Connecting?
The projection fibbers consist of efferent (exiting) and afferent (arriving) fibbers connecting the cerebral cortex with the cerebral nuclei of the brain; brainstem; spinal cord; and the cerebellum
all projection fibbers pass through?
Corona radiata
efferent fibers are heading to? and afferent fibbers?
carry nerve impulses away from the central nervous system to effectors; carry nerve impulses from receptors or sense organs towards the central nervous system.
information form senses is first received by what? interpretation of senses is processed by?
Primary sensory cortex; secondary cortex
In the visual cortex the primary visual cortex surrounds? What surrounds the primary visual cortex? What surrounds that?
Calcarine fissure is surrounded by the primary visual cortex; which is surrounded by the secondary visual cortex; which is surrounded by the visual association cortex
in the primary visual cortex what is the stripe of Gennari?
a line of white matter in the grey matter area
the primary auditory cortex is located?
It is located bilaterally; roughly at the upper sides of the temporal lobes (on the superior temporal plane; within the lateral fissure and comprising parts of Heschl’s gyrus and the superior temporal gyrus)
Wernicke’s area is involved in? it is only present in? and it is interconnected with?
Wernicke?s area is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language (kind of like a specialized Scondary auditory cortex for the interpretation of language); one present in the dominate hemisphere; interconnected with Broca’s area
what connects Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area?
Arcuate fascicle;
the angular gyrus is? It is important because?
the angular gyrus in part of the secondary visual cortex; it forms a connection between the visual system and the auditory system specifically wernicke’s area; this allows for the processing of language that you read
what are the functional fields of the parietal lobe?
Primary somatosensory cortex; secondary somatosensory cortex; tertiary association cortex; supramarginal gyrus; angular gyrus;
where is the supramarginal gyrus located? Where is the angular gyrus;
Follow the lateral sulcus until it ends that area is the supramarginal gyrus; follow the superior temporal sulcus until it ends that area in the angular gyrus
the frontal lobe is the? (size)
largest lobe
what are the function fields of the frontal lobe?
Primary motor cortex; supplementary motor cortex; premotor cortex; Broca’s area; frontal eye field;
the frontal eye field and Broca’s area are part of what? They are specialized for?
Premotor cortex; the frontal eye field specialized in movements of the eye; while Broca’s area is specialized for language production and comprehension
the pyramidal tract of the brain consists of?
Corticonuclear track (Cranial Nerves); corticospinal tract (Spinal Nerves)
what is the path of the pyramidal tract within the brain?
Corona radiata (subcortical) -> Internal capsule -> Crus cerebri of midbrain - > Base of pons -> Medullary pyramids
the motor cortex is located where? What are the three divisions of the motor cortex?
Primary motor cortex; secondary cortices (Lateral region: premotor cortex; Medial region: Supplementary motor cortex); the prefrontal cortex
describe the hierarchy of control in the motor cortex
Highest order: Strategy (prefrontal cortex); Tactics (Supplementary/ Premotor cortices); execution (Primary motor cortex) Lowest order
The supplementary motor cortex contributes to?
The supplementary motor cortex contributes to learning sequence of movements (more planning than performing; predicts movements; mental rehearsal of movement; bimanual coordination); Initiates movements specified by internal rather than external cues
what is the key difference between the Premotor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex?
the premotor cortex relies on the sensory feedback where the supplementary motor cortex does not
The premotor cortex works closely with?
Cerebellum
the pyramidal tract has most of its origins in what two areas?
the primary motor cortex (~80%): composed of about 40% from the premotor cortices; and the primary sensory cortex (~20%)
most fibbers in the pyramidal tract cross at? Crossed fibbers descend in the? Uncrossed fibber descend in the? All fibbers of the corticospinal tract eventually?
Pyramid of the medulla; crossed fibbers descend in the lateral corticospinal track; uncrossed fibbers descend in the anterior corticospinal tract; all fibbers of the corticospinal tract will eventually decussate but a different levels; uncrossed fibbers decussate a the spinal level
