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Neuro > Brain stem and diencephalon > Flashcards

Brain stem and diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 primary vesicles?

A

Prosencephalon; mesencephalon; rhombencephalon;

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2
Q

what are the 5 secondary vesicles? What structures do they give rise to?

A

Telencephalon (cerebrum); Diencephalon; mesencephalon; Metencephalon (Cerebellum and Pons); Myelencephalon (Medulla oblongata)

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3
Q

what structures does the Prosencephalon become>

A

Telencephalon; diencephalon;

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4
Q

what structures does the Mesencephalon become?

A

Mesencephalon;

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5
Q

what structures does the Rhombencephalon become?

A

Metencephalon; Myelencephalon

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6
Q

In the orientation of the brain what is anterior referred to? Posterior? Superior? Inferior?

A

Rostral; caudal; Dorsal; Ventral

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7
Q

the meynert axis is through what structures? Forel axis is through what structures?

A

Spinal cord; Cerebrum and diencephalon

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8
Q

the brainstem is located between? It is composed of what three structures?

A

Located between the diencephalon (interbrain) and spinal cord; Midbrain; Pons; Medulla oblongata

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9
Q

what ventricle is associated with the pons medulla and cerebellum?

A

4th ventricle

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10
Q

what are the ventricles in the cerebrum?

A

1st and 2nd (lateral) ventricles

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11
Q

what is the ventricle of the interbrain? What is the interbrain?

A

3rd ventricle

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12
Q

what is the ventricle of the midbrain?

A

aqueduct

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13
Q

what is the ventricle of the spinal cord?

A

central canal

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14
Q

the CSF flows form the ventricle to the subarachnoid space via three foramina located in what ventricle? What are the foramina called?

A

4th ventricle; There is one median called the Magendie; and two lateral called the Luschka foramina

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15
Q

what is the defining feature of the mesencephalon (posteriorly)?

A

superior and inferior colliculus

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16
Q

almost all cranial nerves arise from the? What nerves do not arise from this?

A

Brain Stem; Olfactory and Optic nerves

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17
Q

what are the three longitudinal substructures of the brainstem? From anterior to posterior

A

Base; Tegmentum; tectum

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18
Q

the base of the brainstem contains only?

A

Descending fibbers

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19
Q

what does the superior and inferior Colliculus are important in?

A

Superior colliculus: is important for reflex movement of the head towards stimulus (e.g. Light; noise etc.); Inferior colliculus: is a relay station for the auditory pathway

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20
Q

the tegmentum contains? (three things)

A

ALL Ascending pathways; ALL Nuclei of the cranial nerves; some descending pathways; prominent nuclei (reticular formation; red nucleus; substantia nigra)

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21
Q

the Base is composed of?

A

crus cerebri of the mid-brain; base of the pons; pyramids of the medulla

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22
Q

Crus cerebri contains?

A

Crus cerebri contains all descending pathways that originate from brain hemispheres (e.g. pyramidal tract

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23
Q

the major dopamine containing neurons in the brain are located in ?

A

the substantia nigra and VTA

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24
Q

the destruction of the substantia nigra is associated with disease?

A

Parkinson’s disease

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25
Q

the pons is wedged between what two structures? It release information to and from what?

A

midbrain and medulla; cerebellum and cerebrum/spinal cord

26
Q

the pons maintains contact with the cerebellum through the?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

27
Q

most nuclei of the cranial nerves are located in?

A

the pons

28
Q

what cranial nerve emerges from the pons? What cranial nerves emerge at the border between the pons and medulla

A

Cranial nerve V (trigeminal); cranial nerves VI-VIII emerge at the border between the pons and medulla

29
Q

the medulla contains what major structures? What does this structures contain?

A

Pyramid; contains the pyramidal tract

30
Q

the reticular formation is located in the? It is made up of what four zones?

A

Tegmentum of midbrain pons and medulla; Midline zone (consists of the raphe nuclei); Medial Zone (Controls Motor activity); Lateral Zone(processes sensory information); intermediate field (Locus Coeruleus)

31
Q

the major purpose of the reticular formation is to?

A

Regulate activity throughout the nervous system

32
Q

Damage to the reticular formation or axons of the reticular activating system can result in?

A

States of altered consciousness: (Coma; Stupor; Vegetative State)

33
Q

the locus coeruleus is located? Its axons project to? It modulates? And it is linked to?

A

Pons; axons project to all parts of the CNS; modulates pain; attention; and mood; is linked to depression; anxiety; and post-traumatic stress disorder

34
Q

the Rapha nuclei are located? It is the largest collection of what type of neurons in the CNS? It modulates?

A

are located in the median part of the whole brainstem and are the largest collection of serotonergic neurons in the CNS; modulates pain; attention; and mood

35
Q

what are the four tracts for unconscious movements? They make up?

A

Tectospinal tract; Rubrospinal tract; Reticulospinal tract; Vestibulospinal tract; The Extrapyramidal system

36
Q

what are the two tracts for conscious movements? They make up?

A

corticospinal tract; cortico[bulbar]nuclear tract; Pyramidal system

37
Q

the pyramidal system originates in? the Extrapyramidal System originates in?

A

Pyramidal system originates in the Cerebral cortex; the Extrapyramidal system originates in the Brain stem

38
Q

At levels of brachial & lumbosacral plexuses; the à & gamma-motoneurons that supply the axial muscles are located in? whereas those that supply the limb muscles are located on the?

A

At levels of brachial & lumbosacral plexuses; the à& ?-motoneurons that supply the axial muscles are located in the medial part of the anterior horn referred to as the medial motoneurons pool; whereas those that supply the limb muscles are located on the lateral giving rise to the lateral motoneurons pool

39
Q

All motor pathways are located either the?

A

lateral or ventral funiculi of the spinal cord

40
Q

the lateral motor pathways feed into the? What two tracts make up this? They control what?

A

Feed into the lateral motoneurons pool; contains the lateral corticospinal tract and the rubrospinal tract; they control the fine voluntary movement of limb muscles and flexor-biased movement of upper limbs

41
Q

the medial motor pathways feed into the? What four tracts make up this? They control what?

A

feed into the medial motoneuron pool; contains the anterior corticospinal tract; reticulospinal tract; vestibulospinal tract; tectospinal tract; controls postural & reflex movement of axial muscles

42
Q

describe the general characteristics of the medial descending motor system?

A

mostly extrapyramidal tracts; is phylogenetically older than the lateral descending motor system; controls coordinated whole-body postural and orienting movements

43
Q

describe the general characteristics of the lateral descending motor system?

A

is phylogenetically younger than all other descending motor tracts and highly developed in humans; is concerned with movements of the limbs (with more emphasis on distal limbs for fine movement)

44
Q

where are the cell bodies of the upper motor neurons located? (two systems; two locations)

A

pyramidal tract (located in motor cortex of the brain); extrapyramidal tract(located in motor nuclei of the brainstem)

45
Q

Spinal reflex’s involve? They are? And they do not require?

A

SPINAL REFLEXES: involve the spinal cord; are automated & stereotyped (predictable)reflexes; Do NOT require cortical input

46
Q

supraspinal reflexes involve? They are? And they require?

A

SUPRASPINAL (POSTURAL) REFLEXES; involve spinal cord & supraspinal centres; are NOT stereotyped reflexes; instead they are flexible and goal-oriented (adaptive) reflexes; mostly coordinate their action with voluntary movements (goal oriented); hence require cortical input for coordination of their actions

47
Q

the task of supraspinal reflexes is to?

A

to maintain equilibrium during ongoing voluntary movements (goal-oriented anticipatory reflex that is flexible and can improve after training; hence adaptive reflex); to regain equilibrium when it is disturbed (automated fast reflex that is less flexible)

48
Q

where does the rubrospinal tract originate? Where does it decussate?

A

Rubrospinal tract originates in the red nucleus and decussates near its origin at midbrain level

49
Q

The rubrospinal tract descends with what other tract? Where do they descend

A

The tract descends contralaterally and accompanies the lateral corticospinal tract (lateral motor pathway)

50
Q

the rubrospinal tract innervates?

A

The tract innervates all flexor muscles of the upper limbs (“grabbing? behaviour)

51
Q

the rubrospinal tract receives inputs from?

A

The rubrospinal tract gets input from the pyramidal system; Cell bodies of the rubrospinal tract are located in the red nucleus and receive inputs from motor cortex

52
Q

what are the primary functions of the Reticulospinal tract?

A

It serves postural (upright position) & gait adjustments (balance) during movement (by acting on anti-gravity muscles; e.g. extensor muscles of the leg; hip; arm; and back (extensor-biased tract)); maintain body posture.

53
Q

what are the two divisions of the Vestibulospinal tract? What are there functions?

A

Lateral vestibulospinal tract generates muscle tone (tonic active) in deep back & limb extensors in response to gravity (to maintain stance & balance); Medial vestibulospinal tract subserves selective and coordinated head and neck movements in response to sensory input from the vestibular system (mainly semicircular canals)

54
Q

The tectospinal tract controls reflex movements of the?

A

The tectospinal tract controls reflex movements of the head; neck & upper limbs in response to all relevant sensory stimuli(visual; auditory; tactile; temperature; pain etc.)

55
Q

describe the blood supply of the brain stem

A

Paravertebral arteries become the basilar artery; splits at the top of the brainstem to become the two posterior cerebral arteries

56
Q

the diencephalon consists of ?

A

the diencephalon consists of the Thalamus; Hypothalamus; Epithalamus; Subthalamus; metathalamus and the 3rd ventricle

57
Q

the thalamus is an important relay station for?

A

Thalamus is an important relay station for general sensation; special senses (except olfactory); and motor signals to the cerebral cortex. Partially; it also relays pathways of the limbic system

58
Q

the hypothalamus plays a vital role in what?

A

Hypothalamus plays a vital role that includes various domains; e.g. it links nervous and endocrine system (the ?master gland?); modulates the autonomic nervous system; controls blood pressure; body temperature; hunger; thirst; and circadian rhythm. Briefly it maintains the homeostasis.

59
Q

the Subthalamus is functionally part of? It plays a role in modulating?

A

Subthalamus functionally part of the basal ganglia and plays a role in modulating motor activity

60
Q

What are the three parts of the Epithalamus?

A

Pineal body (involved in control of the circadian rhythm) ; Habitual (variety of functions); Stria medullaris ( contains fibre bundles to the habitual)

Neuro (18 decks)

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