Neuromuscular Conditions

Question 1

What are the early signs of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy in a 3-year-old child?

Answer 1

Proximal muscle weakness and difficulty getting up.

Question 2

What posture abnormality is often seen in a 6-year-old with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 2

Lordotic posture

Question 3

What gait pattern is typically seen in a 7-year-old child with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 3

Waddling gait.

Question 4

What is the Gower sign and what condition is it associated with?

Answer 4

Gower sign is using hands to walk up the thighs to stand up; associated with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Question 5

Which muscle groups are affected in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy aside from skeletal muscles?

Answer 5

Cardiovascular and respiratory muscles.

Question 6

What causes slurred speech at the end of the day in patients with neuromuscular conditions?

Answer 6

Muscle fatigue leading to weakness, often seen in conditions like myasthenia gravis.

Question 7

What is a common sign of myasthenia gravis related to the eyes?

Answer 7

Bilateral ptosis (droopy eyes).

Question 8

Which muscles are often weak in facial myopathy?

Answer 8

Facial muscles, leading to symptoms like fluid going up the nose.

Question 9

What tests are commonly used to diagnose neuromuscular conditions?

Answer 9

AchRAb-Acetylcholine receptor antibodies and Stimulate nerve

Question 10

What is the significance of a waddling gait in muscular dystrophy?

Answer 10

It indicates proximal muscle weakness, especially in the pelvic girdle.

Question 11

How does Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy progress in terms of muscle involvement?

Answer 11

It starts with proximal muscle weakness and later affects the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.

Question 12

Why are respiratory muscles affected in neuromuscular diseases like Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 12

The progressive nature of muscle weakening eventually involves the diaphragm and other respiratory muscles.

Question 13

What age group is typically diagnosed with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy

Answer 13

Children, usually diagnosed around 3 to 7 years old based on the signs of weakness and difficulty with movement.

Question 14

What is the Gower sign an indication of in terms of muscle weakness?

Answer 14

It indicates severe proximal lower limb weakness, a hallmark of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy.

Question 15

Why might a patient with neuromuscular conditions experience fluid going up the nose?

Answer 15

Weakness of the facial and palatal muscles can lead to improper closure during swallowing.

Question 16

What cardiovascular issues arise in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 16

Cardiomyopathy and arrhythmias due to the involvement of the heart muscles.

Question 17

What is a key characteristic of muscular dystrophy in terms of muscle damage?

Answer 17

Progressive muscle degeneration and replacement by fibrous tissue and fat.

Question 18

What is the significance of lordotic posture in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

Answer 18

It compensates for weak trunk muscles, often seen as the disease progresses.

Question 19

How does respiratory failure occur in advanced stages of neuromuscular conditions?

Answer 19

Weakness of respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, leads to inadequate ventilation and respiratory failure.

Question 20

What are the typical symptoms of Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 20

Bilateral ptosis, facial weakness, and slurred speech at the end of the day due to muscle fatigue.

Question 21

What muscles are most commonly affected in Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 21

The muscles controlling the eyes, face, and those involved in swallowing and speaking.

Question 22

: What is the role of acetylcholine in Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 22

Acetylcholine receptors are targeted by antibodies, leading to decreased neuromuscular transmission and muscle weakness.

Question 23

Why does muscle weakness in Myasthenia Gravis worsen towards the end of the day?

Answer 23

Muscle fatigue accumulates with activity, making symptoms more pronounced by evening.

Question 24

What type of muscle weakness is associated with Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 24

Fluctuating muscle weakness, especially after periods of activity, improving after rest.

Question 25

What are the signs of ocular involvement in Myasthenia Gravis?

Answer 25

Ptosis (drooping eyelids) and diplopia (double vision) due to extraocular muscle weakness.

Question 26

How does Tetraodontidae poisoning (pufferfish poisoning) affect the neuromuscular system?

Answer 26

Tetrodotoxin from Tetraodontidae blocks sodium channels, preventing action potential generation, leading to paralysis.

Question 27

What is the main neurotoxin involved in Tetraodontidae poisoning?

Answer 27

Tetrodotoxin

Question 28

What is the consequence of sodium channel blockage in Tetraodontidae poisoning?

Answer 28

It causes paralysis by inhibiting action potentials in neurons.