Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK II > Anki_cards___2024-11-12T20-13-31 > Flashcards

Anki_cards___2024-11-12T20-13-31 Flashcards

1
Q

4 major etiologies (acronym would be […]) for bone and joint diseases 1. […] 2. […] 3. […] 4. […]

A

4 major etiologies (acronym would be MINI) for bone and joint diseases 1. Metabolic 2. Inflammatory 3. Neoplastic 4. Infectious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Diseases of the joints are related to inflammation. 4 categories of inflammatory joint diseases: 1. […] 2. […] 3. […] 4. […] Think ACID!

A

Diseases of the joints are related to inflammation. 4 categories of inflammatory joint diseases: 1. Autoimmune (RA) 2. Crystal Deposition (Gout, Pseudogout) 3. Infection (OM, SA) 4. Degenerative (OA) Think ACID!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, which occurs in the synovium, Osteoarthritis mainly occurs in the […]

A

Unlike rheumatoid arthritis, which occurs in the synovium, Osteoarthritis mainly occurs in the articular cartilage and subarticular bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 3 forms of osteoarthritis 1) […] 2) […] 3) […]

A

What are the 3 forms of osteoarthritis 1) Primary generalized OA (most common in post menopausal women); 2) Erosive inflammatory OA (severe destructive disease with rapid progression); 3) Hypertrophic OA (florid osteophyte formation, bone sclerosis with slow progression). Erosive osteoarthritis (EOA) is an uncommon subset of osteoarthritis (OA) characterized by both inflammatory and degenerative p

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name some gross features of osteoarthritis~ (IMPT) 1. […] 2. […] 3. […] 4. […] 5. […] 6. […]

A

Name some gross features of osteoarthritis~ (IMPT) 1. Narrowing of joint space (destruction of articular cartilage) 2. Bone sclerosis (thickening of subarticular bone) 3. Subchondral cyst 4. Osteophytes/ bone spurs (peripheral growths of bone and cartilage) 5. Reactive thickening of synovium 6. Secondary changes to surrounding tissue Bone sclerosis is NOT multiple sclerosis!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some radiological features of osteoarthritis? - […] - […] - […] - […]

A

“What are some radiological features of osteoarthritis? - narrowing of joint spaces (due to destruction of articular cartilage) - bone sclerosis (increased thickness of subchondral bone) - subchondral cyst - osteophytes Synonymous with gross features. ““Osteophytes, commonly referred to as bone spurs are bony projections that form along joint margins. They should NOT be confused with enthesophytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-[…]

A

“Rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-DR4 ““DR3 B8 Graves, DR3 DR5 Hashimoto, DR4 RA”””

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

[…] is strongly associated with HLA-DR4

A

“Rheumatoid arthritis is strongly associated with HLA-DR4 ““DR3 B8 Graves, DR3 DR5 Hashimoto, DR4 RA”””

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two important diagnostic autoantibodies produced in Rheumatoid Arthritis (70-80%)? […] […] Which one more specific? […]

A

What are the two important diagnostic autoantibodies produced in Rheumatoid Arthritis (70-80%)? Rheumatoid Factor (RF) Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibody (ACPA) Which one more specific? ACPA RF is NOT specific for RA and occurs in a number of other non-rheumatic diseases. ACPA = auto-antibodies against cyclic citrullinated peptides (CCPs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis is more common in which gender and age? - […] - […]

A

Rheumatoid arthritis is more common in which gender and age? - women (3:1) - 40 - 60 y/o Cuz..its autoimmune bro.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some gross features of rheumatoid arthritis? 1. […] 2. […] 3. […] 4. […]

A

What are some gross features of rheumatoid arthritis? 1. Synovial inflammation 2. Formation of the pannus 3. Destruction of adjacent bone (due to pannus) 4. Formation of rheumatoid nodules (granuloma with central fibrinoid necrosis) RA is a condition that affects the synovium and bone more than it does the articular cartilage Pannus = a condition in which a layer of vascular fibrous tissue extends

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Rheumatoid nodules appear in about 25% of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. What is it? […]

A

Rheumatoid nodules appear in about 25% of the patients with rheumatoid arthritis. What is it? a specific type of granuloma characterized by central zone of fibrinoid necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are some examples of seronegative arthritis? - […] - […] - […] - […] Seronegative arthritis means […]

A

“What are some examples of seronegative arthritis? - Ankylosing spondylitis (bamboo spine) - Reiter syndrome (aka reactive athritis) - Psoriatic arthritis - Inflammatory bowel disease associated arthritis Seronegative arthritis means lack of rheumatoid factor reactive athritis - ““i can’t pee, I can’t see, i can’t climb up the tree”””

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Examples of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis other than rheumatoid arthritis? - […] - […] - […]

A

Examples of autoimmune inflammatory arthritis other than rheumatoid arthritis? - SLE - rheumatic fever (from streptococcus) - systemic sclerosis Systemic sclerosis is a rare chronic disease of unknown cause characterized by diffuse fibrosis and vascular abnormalities in the skin, joints, and internal organs (especially the esophagus, lower GI tract, lungs, heart, and kidneys).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Crystal arthropathies refer to […] They may be clinically indistinguishable from […]

A

Crystal arthropathies refer to deposition of crystals in joints and soft tissue causing arthritis They may be clinically indistinguishable from septic athritis, which is a medical emergency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

2 main types of crystal arthropathy: […]

A

2 main types of crystal arthropathy: Gout and Pseudogout

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Gout is characterized by increased serum […] and […] deposition. What are the main causes of: Primary gout? […] Secondary gout? […]

A

Gout is characterized by increased serum uric acid and urate crystals deposition. What are the main causes of: Primary gout? Cause is idiopathic and associated with obesity, alcohol,hypertension and fatty diet Secondary gout? Due to known conditions that promote hyperuricemia (e.g. specific drugs, renal failure, familial juvenile hyperuricaemic nephropathy & congenital enzyme defects)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the major pathogenesis of gout? 1. […] 2. […] 3. […]

A

What are the major pathogenesis of gout? 1. Overproduction of purines (due to high purine diet) 2. Increased catabolism of nuclei acids due to high cell turnover 3. Decreased uric acid excretion by kidneys Quite basic stuff, taught in M1. Either you overproduce purine, breakdown too much nucleic acid or cant excrete uric acid.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name 3 long term complications of gout - […] - […] - […] - […] - […] - […]

A

Name 3 long term complications of gout - Deformities - erosion of joints - gouty tophi (diagnostic) - interstitial nephritis (AIN) - nephrolithiasis - renal failure Just remember that gout is due to urate crystals, so think 3 local and 3 renal.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the microscopic difference between gout and psueudogout? (IMPT!!!) Gout - […] Psuedogout - […]

A

What is the microscopic difference between gout and psueudogout? (IMPT!!!) Gout - strongly negatively birefringent, needle shaped crystal Psuedogout - weakly birefringent, rhomboid shaped crystal Birefringent = having two different refractive indices. See comic and actual pic!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Psuedogout, aka […] refers to the deposition of […] in joints. Pathogenesis: […]

A

Psuedogout, aka chondrocalcinosis refers to the deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate in joints. Pathogenesis: Idiopathic, associated with trauma, hyperparathyroidism and haemochromatosis. haemochromatosis, indicates accumulation of iron in the body from any cause.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the typical causative agents in Osteomyelitis ? - […] - […] - […] - […] - […] - […] - […]

A

What are the typical causative agents in Osteomyelitis ? - Staph aureus - E. Coli (esp infants and elderly), - Grp B Streps - H. influenzae, - Salmonella (esp Sickle cell disease) - Mixed infection with anaerobes (trauma) - TB Think of the common 3 causes of bacteraemia/ sepsis and then 4 other special cases.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In osteomyelitis, what are the ways that infective agents may enter the bone? 1. […] 2. […] 3. […]

A

In osteomyelitis, what are the ways that infective agents may enter the bone? 1. Direct implantation (trauma with open fracture, wound, surgery) 2. Bloodborne (e.g lung TB to bone) 3. Extension from contiguous site (e.g middle ear infecton with mastoiditis, infection from adjacent soft tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Location of osteomyelitis is typically at Children: […] Adults: […]

A

Location of osteomyelitis is typically at Children: Long bone (UL and LL) Adults: Feet, vertebral spine and femur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Osteomyelitis progression: Infection may spread to joint or synovium, leading to […]. This is a medical emergency!!!

A

Osteomyelitis progression: Infection may spread to joint or synovium, leading to septic arthritis. This is a medical emergency!!!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In osteomyelitis, inflammation within the periosteum may result in sizable subperiosteal abscess What are 2 implications of this absess? - […] - […]

A

In osteomyelitis, inflammation within the periosteum may result in sizable subperiosteal abscess What are 2 implications of this absess? - may impair blood supply and cause further segmental bone necrosis (sequestrum) in addition to suppurative injury - Rupture can lead to abscess in surrounding soft tissue, forming a draining sinus Treat aggressively BEFORE sequestrum occurs!! Otherwise need to d

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Osteomyelitis may progress to have a sleeve of reactive woven bone tissue (aka […]) around the native necrotic bone ([…]) causing deformities.

A

“Osteomyelitis may progress to have a sleeve of reactive woven bone tissue (aka involucrum) around the native necrotic bone (sequestrum) causing deformities. ““An involucrum (plural involucra) is a layer of new bone growth outside existing bone seen in pyogenic osteomyelitis. It results from the stripping-off of the periosteum by the accumulation of pus within the bone, and new bone growing from t

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

[…]% of acute osteomyelitis may persist and progress to chronic osteomyelitis.

A

5 to 25% of acute osteomyelitis may persist and progress to chronic osteomyelitis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are 4 potential complications of chronic osteomyelitis? – […] – […] – […] – […]

A

“What are 4 potential complications of chronic osteomyelitis? – Pathological fracture and deformity – Secondary amyloidosis – Sepsis or distant sites of infection – e.g. endocarditis – Malignancies (sarcoma in infected bone and squamous cell carcinoma in sinus tract). ““Amyloidosis is a group of diseases in which abnormal proteins, known as amyloid fibrils, build up in tissue”””

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

4 examples of metabolic bone disease? 1. […] 2. […] 3. […] 4. […]

A

4 examples of metabolic bone disease? 1. Osteoporosis 2. Osteomalacia and Rickets 3. Hyperparathyroidism 4. Paget’s disease of the bone (Hyperparathyroidism can cause osteoporosis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the clinical definition of Osteoporosis? […] It has a abnormally […] but NORMAL […]

A

What is the clinical definition of Osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is defined as a bone mineral density (BMD) of 2.5 standard deviations (SD) below that of a young adult mean It has a abnormally thin and reduced bone trabeculae but NORMAL mineralized bone (relatively) Basically, it is not a quality problem but quantity problem!!! Serum calcium, phosphate, alk phosphatase and PTH all normal.

32
Q

Name some osteoporosis etiology Primary / idiopathic causes: - […] - […] Secondary causes (due to identifiable conditions): - […] - […] - […] - […] What fracture is most characteristic of osteoporosis? (IMPT!!!) […]

A

Name some osteoporosis etiology Primary / idiopathic causes: - postmenopausal condition - older age and female (estrogen deficiency) Secondary causes (due to identifiable conditions): - endocrine (hyperPTH) - gastrointestinal disturbances (malnutrition – reduced calcium intake) - drugs (corticosteroids, chemotherapy) - immobilisation and etc. What fracture is most characteristic of osteoporosis? (

33
Q

Estrogen deficiency plays the major role in osteoporosis in post menopausal women (close to 40% of postmenopausal women). HOW? Decreased estrogen levels after menopause actually - […] - […]

A

Estrogen deficiency plays the major role in osteoporosis in post menopausal women (close to 40% of postmenopausal women). HOW? Decreased estrogen levels after menopause actually - increase BOTHbone resorption and formation (but resorption > formation leading to high-turnover osteoporosis) - increase secretion of inflammatory cytokines by blood monocytes and bone marrow cells, which stimulate osteo

34
Q

Osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (children) arise from […] (IMPT!!!) What is the pathogenesis of rickets? […] How does rickets present? - […] - […] How about histology? - […]

A

Osteomalacia (adults) and rickets (children) arise from defect in matrix mineralization (calcification) due to abnormal Vitamin D metabolism or deficiency (IMPT!!!) What is the pathogenesis of rickets? Growth plates (epiphyseal) have disturbances of endochondral ossification, leading to overgrowth of epiphyseal cartilage and failure of cartilage cells to mature. How does rickets present? - Enlarge

35
Q

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to Osteomalacia and rickets List 4 causes of Vit D deficiency: - […] - […] - […] - […]

A

Vitamin D deficiency can lead to Osteomalacia and rickets List 4 causes of Vit D deficiency: - Inadequate dietary intake (vegan). - Inadequate body synthesis i.e. skin (lack of sun exposure). - Malabsorption due to intestinal disease (small bowel resction, inflammatory bowel disease, celiac disease) - Renal disease (impaired conversion of Vit D to active metabolite 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3).

36
Q

What is the effect of Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica (hyperparathyroidism) on the bone? […] Serum levels: […]

A

What is the effect of Osteitis Fibrosa Cystica (hyperparathyroidism) on the bone? Bone resorption (excessive osteoclastic activity) as a result of increased amount/activity of parathyroid hormones Serum levels: high in calcium, low in phosphate

37
Q

Brown tumours’ developes when […]

A

“Brown tumours’ developes when there are masses of osteoclastic giant cells - excess osteoclast The brown tumor is a bone lesion that arises in settings of excess osteoclast activity, such as hyperparathyroidism. It is not a true neoplasm, as the term ““tumor”” suggests; however, it may mimic a true neoplasm.”

38
Q

What is Paget’s disease (Osteitis Deformans) of the bone? […] Common age group and ethnicity: Elderly and Caucasian Causes: - Unknown - Paramyxovirus implications - SQSTM1 gene mutations Distribution on bones: - Polyostotic (85%) - Mono-ostotic (15%) Bone architecture: - Haphazard and uncoordinated osteoclast/ osteoblast activity - Mosiac pattern of lamellar bone (jigsaw puzzle) - Prominent irre

A

What is Paget’s disease (Osteitis Deformans) of the bone? disorderly bone formation due to a mixture of excessive and uncoordinated bone resorption (osteoclastic activity) and bone formation (osteoblastic response), resulting in ‘poorly made’ bone (bulk without quality) Common age group and ethnicity: Elderly and Caucasian Causes: - Unknown - Paramyxovirus implications - SQSTM1 gene mutations Dist

39
Q

What is Paget’s disease (Osteitis Deformans) of the bone? disorderly bone formation due to a mixture of excessive and uncoordinated bone resorption (osteoclastic activity) and bone formation (osteoblastic response), resulting in ‘poorly made’ bone (bulk without quality) Common age group and ethnicity: […] Causes: - […] - […] - […] Distribution on bones: - Polyostotic (85%) - Mono-ostotic (

A

What is Paget’s disease (Osteitis Deformans) of the bone? disorderly bone formation due to a mixture of excessive and uncoordinated bone resorption (osteoclastic activity) and bone formation (osteoblastic response), resulting in ‘poorly made’ bone (bulk without quality) Common age group and ethnicity: Elderly and Caucasian Causes: - Unknown - Paramyxovirus implications - SQSTM1 gene mutations Dist

40
Q

what are some complication of Paget disease of bone? (IMPT) - […] - […] - […] - […] - […] - […]

A

what are some complication of Paget disease of bone? (IMPT) - bone overgrowth in craniofacial skeleton and heavy cranium - severe secondary OA - chalkstick fractures due to brittle bones - nerve compression injury and deafness(skull) - hypervascularity of pagetic bone behaves as an arteriovenous shunt leading to high-output heart failure or exacerbation of underlying cardiac disease - development

41
Q

Primary bone sarcomas are generally very rare, compared to secondary metastatic bone tumours. Among the primary malignant bone tumours, - Most common (35%) = […] - 2nd most common (25%) = […] - 3rd most common (16%) = […]

A

Primary bone sarcomas are generally very rare, compared to secondary metastatic bone tumours. Among the primary malignant bone tumours, - Most common (35%) = Osteosarcoma - 2nd most common (25%) = Chondrosarcoma - 3rd most common (16%) = Ewing sarcoma

42
Q

Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma mostly affect […] (age). Chondrosarcoma mostly affect […] (age).

A

Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma mostly affect children and young adults (age). Chondrosarcoma mostly affect older patients (age).

43
Q

What is the most common malignant bone tumour? […]

A

What is the most common malignant bone tumour? Metastatic CARCINOMAs

44
Q

What is the gold standard in diagnosing bone tumour? […]

A

What is the gold standard in diagnosing bone tumour? Biopsy (Needle or incisional surgical biopsy) Other common investigations include - X-ray - MRI/CT scan - Radionuclide bone scan - PET scan

45
Q

What are the general prognostic factors for malignant bone tumours? - […] - […] - […] - […] - […] - […]

A

What are the general prognostic factors for malignant bone tumours? - size of tumor (TNM) - histopathological grading (grade) - location of tumor and margin clearance - metastatic sites (liver and bone have worse prognosis than lung) - response to chemotherapy (good is defined by 90% necrosis) - specific molecular abberations confer different prognosis

46
Q

The […] is probably the most critical information to the bone pathologist.

A

The site of the bone tumour is probably the most critical information to the bone pathologist. e.g articular cartilage, epiphyseal plate, metapysis, diaphysis

47
Q

Give some bone tumors examples~ Benign - […] - […] Malignant - […] Clinical presentations of primary malignant bone tumours: - […] - […] - […] - […] - […] Common places of metastasis: […]

A

Give some bone tumors examples~ Benign - Osteoblastoma - Osteoma Malignant - Osteosarcoma Clinical presentations of primary malignant bone tumours: - Pain - Mass - Swelling of affected area - Propensity for fever and loss of function - Fever/ anaemia/ weight loss/ elevated WBC and ESR Common places of metastasis: Lungs&raquo_space; Bones&raquo_space; Marrow

48
Q

(vvvvv IMPT!!) Osteosarcoma is defined as? […] What is the most affected age group? 10-20 yo!!!, PATIENTS ARE QUITE YOUNG Common site? Metaphysis of long bones (distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus, arises from medullary cavity and grows towards cortex) Presentation on Xray? 1. Large and destructive lytic mass 2. Permeative margins 3. Periosteal elevation possible (when cortex breached

A

(vvvvv IMPT!!) Osteosarcoma is defined as? high-grade malignant tumor that produces osteoid directly from tumor cells What is the most affected age group? 10-20 yo!!!, PATIENTS ARE QUITE YOUNG Common site? Metaphysis of long bones (distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus, arises from medullary cavity and grows towards cortex) Presentation on Xray? 1. Large and destructive lytic mass 2. Perm

49
Q

(vvvvv IMPT!!) Osteosarcoma is defined as? high-grade malignant tumor that produces osteoid directly from tumor cells What is the most affected age group? […] Common site? […] Presentation on Xray? 1. Large and destructive lytic mass 2. Permeative margins 3. Periosteal elevation possible (when cortex breached)(codman’s triangle) 4. Sunburst pattern due to bone formation in soft tissue Gross mo

A

(vvvvv IMPT!!) Osteosarcoma is defined as? high-grade malignant tumor that produces osteoid directly from tumor cells What is the most affected age group? 10-20 yo!!!, PATIENTS ARE QUITE YOUNG Common site? Metaphysis of long bones (distal femur, proximal tibia, proximal humerus, arises from medullary cavity and grows towards cortex) Presentation on Xray? 1. Large and destructive lytic mass 2. Perm

50
Q

(vvvvv IMPT also!!) Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) is the most common bone tumor in […] (age) Radiograph unique feature? - Poorly marginated - Permeative destruction - Layered periosteal new bone (periosteal reaction); “Onion skinning” - Usually significant soft tissue component Histology? - Sheets of primitive, small, round and uniform blue cells - Homer-Wright rosettes (central fibrillary space) or pseud

A

“(vvvvv IMPT also!!) Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) is the most common bone tumor in children <10 yrs!!!! Kids!!! oh no :( (age) Radiograph unique feature? - Poorly marginated - Permeative destruction - Layered periosteal new bone (periosteal reaction); “Onion skinning” - Usually significant soft tissue component Histology? - Sheets of primitive, small, round and uniform blue cells - Homer-Wright rosettes (c

51
Q

Edema vs Effusion in context of arthritis: […]

A

Edema vs Effusion in context of arthritis: Edema is swelling that occurs outside a joint. Effusion is swelling within a joint.

52
Q

What are the general kinds of problems osteo-pathology would give you? (vvvvv IMPT!!!) Bone: […] Neurological: […] Malignancies: […] Special: […]

A

What are the general kinds of problems osteo-pathology would give you? (vvvvv IMPT!!!) Bone: - Compression fractures - Deformities - Secondary OA (if not already primary OA) Neurological: - Nerve compression - Other related effects from nerve compression: Bladder atonia, paralysis, parathesia… Malignancies: - Sarcomas - Lymphomas - Anything related to inflammatory-tumours - Amylioidosis (seconda

53
Q

What is Paget’s disease (Osteitis Deformans) of the bone? disorderly bone formation due to a mixture of excessive and uncoordinated bone resorption (osteoclastic activity) and bone formation (osteoblastic response), resulting in ‘poorly made’ bone (bulk without quality) Common age group and ethnicity: Elderly and Caucasian Causes: - Unknown - Paramyxovirus implications - SQSTM1 gene mutations Dist

A

What is Paget’s disease (Osteitis Deformans) of the bone? disorderly bone formation due to a mixture of excessive and uncoordinated bone resorption (osteoclastic activity) and bone formation (osteoblastic response), resulting in ‘poorly made’ bone (bulk without quality) Common age group and ethnicity: Elderly and Caucasian Causes: - Unknown - Paramyxovirus implications - SQSTM1 gene mutations Dist

54
Q

What are the variants of osteosarcomas? 1. […] 2. […] 3. […]

A

What are the variants of osteosarcomas? 1. Osteoblastic osteosarcoma 2. Chondroblastic osteosarcoma (a lot of cartilage) 3. Fibroblastic osteosarcoma

55
Q

(vvvvv IMPT also!!) Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) is the most common bone tumor in children <10 yrs!!!! Kids!!! oh no :( (age) Radiograph unique feature? - Poorly marginated - Permeative destruction - Layered periosteal new bone (periosteal reaction); “Onion skinning” - Usually significant soft tissue component Histology? - Sheets of primitive, small, round and uniform blue cells - Homer-Wright rosettes (ce

A

“(vvvvv IMPT also!!) Ewing Sarcoma (EWS) is the most common bone tumor in children <10 yrs!!!! Kids!!! oh no :( (age) Radiograph unique feature? - Poorly marginated - Permeative destruction - Layered periosteal new bone (periosteal reaction); “Onion skinning” - Usually significant soft tissue component Histology? - Sheets of primitive, small, round and uniform blue cells - Homer-Wright rosettes (c

56
Q

Chondrosarcomas are defined as? […] Common in? […] How does chondrosarcomas often present? - Large painful tumours of long bones/ribs that grow rapidly during adolescence and reach >8cm - Can be associated with pre-existing bone tumours Are chondrosarcomas chemosensitive? - NO!!! NOT CHEMO SENSITIVE How are chondrosarcomas graded? - Based on cellularity and nuclear changes in chondrocytes - Di

A

Chondrosarcomas are defined as? malignant bone tumours that produce cartilage (but not osteoid. Has blue lobules.) Common in? 30-60yo, Males (75%). Contrast this to osteosarcoma and EWS, which are commonly seen in young adults and children respectively How does chondrosarcomas often present? - Large painful tumours of long bones/ribs that grow rapidly during adolescence and reach >8cm - Can be ass

57
Q

Chondrosarcomas are defined as? malignant bone tumours that produce cartilage (but not osteoid. Has blue lobules.) Common in? 30-60yo, Males (75%). Contrast this to osteosarcoma and EWS, which are commonly seen in young adults and children respectively How does chondrosarcomas often present? - […] - […] Are chondrosarcomas chemosensitive? - […] How are chondrosarcomas graded? - Based on cell

A

Chondrosarcomas are defined as? malignant bone tumours that produce cartilage (but not osteoid. Has blue lobules.) Common in? 30-60yo, Males (75%). Contrast this to osteosarcoma and EWS, which are commonly seen in young adults and children respectively How does chondrosarcomas often present? - Large painful tumours of long bones/ribs that grow rapidly during adolescence and reach >8cm - Can be ass

58
Q

Chondrosarcomas are defined as? malignant bone tumours that produce cartilage (but not osteoid. Has blue lobules.) Common in? 30-60yo, Males (75%). Contrast this to osteosarcoma and EWS, which are commonly seen in young adults and children respectively How does chondrosarcomas often present? - Large painful tumours of long bones/ribs that grow rapidly during adolescence and reach >8cm - Can be ass

A

Chondrosarcomas are defined as? malignant bone tumours that produce cartilage (but not osteoid. Has blue lobules.) Common in? 30-60yo, Males (75%). Contrast this to osteosarcoma and EWS, which are commonly seen in young adults and children respectively How does chondrosarcomas often present? - Large painful tumours of long bones/ribs that grow rapidly during adolescence and reach >8cm - Can be ass

59
Q

Chondrosarcomas are defined as? malignant bone tumours that produce cartilage (but not osteoid. Has blue lobules.) Common in? 30-60yo, Males (75%). Contrast this to osteosarcoma and EWS, which are commonly seen in young adults and children respectively How does chondrosarcomas often present? - Large painful tumours of long bones/ribs that grow rapidly during adolescence and reach >8cm - Can be ass

A

Chondrosarcomas are defined as? malignant bone tumours that produce cartilage (but not osteoid. Has blue lobules.) Common in? 30-60yo, Males (75%). Contrast this to osteosarcoma and EWS, which are commonly seen in young adults and children respectively How does chondrosarcomas often present? - Large painful tumours of long bones/ribs that grow rapidly during adolescence and reach >8cm - Can be ass

60
Q

Osteochondroma (exostosis) is a […]. Usually arise in […] Are usually: - Solitary (85%) - Multiple hereditary exostoses (EXT1 and EXT2 genes) - Rarely malignant!! (e.g chondrosarcoma) Other kinds of chondromas: - Enchondroma - Subperiosteal chondroma - Soft tissue chondroma

A

Osteochondroma (exostosis) is a benign cartilage-capped tumour attached to underlying skeleton by bony stalk. Usually arise in long bones Are usually: - Solitary (85%) - Multiple hereditary exostoses (EXT1 and EXT2 genes) - Rarely malignant!! (e.g chondrosarcoma) Other kinds of chondromas: - Enchondroma - Subperiosteal chondroma - Soft tissue chondroma

61
Q

Osteochondroma (exostosis) is a benign cartilage-capped tumour attached to underlying skeleton by bony stalk. Usually arise in long bones Are usually: - […] - […] - […] Other kinds of chondromas: - Enchondroma - Subperiosteal chondroma - Soft tissue chondroma

A

Osteochondroma (exostosis) is a benign cartilage-capped tumour attached to underlying skeleton by bony stalk. Usually arise in long bones Are usually: - Solitary (85%) - Multiple hereditary exostoses (EXT1 and EXT2 genes) - Rarely malignant!! (e.g chondrosarcoma) Other kinds of chondromas: - Enchondroma - Subperiosteal chondroma - Soft tissue chondroma

62
Q

Examples of giant cell rich lesions of bones and joints? 1. […] 2. […] 3. […] 4. […] ————————————————————————— Most important and common? […] Character: Benign but locally aggressive neoplasm (30% recurrence) Generally found in this population: Asian, female 30-50yo Site? Epiphyseal-metaphyseal region Histological features? 1. Abundant gi

A

Examples of giant cell rich lesions of bones and joints? 1. Giant cell tumours 2. Giant cell reparative granulomas 3. Giant cell tumours of the joint 4. Brown tumours (hyperPTH) ————————————————————————— Most important and common? Giant cell tumours Character: Benign but locally aggressive neoplasm (30% recurrence) Generally found in this populatio

63
Q

Examples of giant cell rich lesions of bones and joints? 1. Giant cell tumours 2. Giant cell reparative granulomas 3. Giant cell tumours of the joint 4. Brown tumours (hyperPTH) ————————————————————————— Most important and common? Giant cell tumours Character: […] Generally found in this population: […] Site? […] Histological features? 1. Abu

A

Examples of giant cell rich lesions of bones and joints? 1. Giant cell tumours 2. Giant cell reparative granulomas 3. Giant cell tumours of the joint 4. Brown tumours (hyperPTH) ————————————————————————— Most important and common? Giant cell tumours Character: Benign but locally aggressive neoplasm (30% recurrence) Generally found in this populatio

64
Q

Examples of giant cell rich lesions of bones and joints? 1. Giant cell tumours 2. Giant cell reparative granulomas 3. Giant cell tumours of the joint 4. Brown tumours (hyperPTH) ————————————————————————— Most important and common? Giant cell tumours Character: Benign but locally aggressive neoplasm (30% recurrence) Generally found in this populatio

A

Examples of giant cell rich lesions of bones and joints? 1. Giant cell tumours 2. Giant cell reparative granulomas 3. Giant cell tumours of the joint 4. Brown tumours (hyperPTH) ————————————————————————— Most important and common? Giant cell tumours Character: Benign but locally aggressive neoplasm (30% recurrence) Generally found in this populatio

65
Q

Non-ossifying fibromas are […]. Normally involves the […] of long bones. Microscopically: - Cellular lesions - Cytologically benign fibroblasts - Activated macrophages and few giant cells - No atypia or malignancy

A

Non-ossifying fibromas are benign bone tumours in children as sharply demarcated radiolucencies (often incidental finding). Normally involves the metaphysis of long bones. Microscopically: - Cellular lesions - Cytologically benign fibroblasts - Activated macrophages and few giant cells - No atypia or malignancy

66
Q

Non-ossifying fibromas are benign bone tumours in children as sharply demarcated radiolucencies (often incidental finding). Normally involves the metaphysis of long bones. Microscopically: - […] - […] - […] - […]

A

Non-ossifying fibromas are benign bone tumours in children as sharply demarcated radiolucencies (often incidental finding). Normally involves the metaphysis of long bones. Microscopically: - Cellular lesions - Cytologically benign fibroblasts - Activated macrophages and few giant cells - No atypia or malignancy

67
Q

Fibrous dysplasia is a […] All the components of normal bone are present, but they […]

A

Fibrous dysplasia is a benign tumour reflecting a localized developmental arrest. All the components of normal bone are present, but they do not differentiate into mature structures TLDR, it is an immature bone disease.

68
Q

What is Codman’s triangle? […]

A

What is Codman’s triangle? Codman triangle is the triangular area of new subperiosteal bone that is created when a lesion, often a tumour, raises the periosteum away from the bone. A Codman triangle is actually not a full triangle LOL

69
Q

What NSAID is normally given for OA? […] What NSAID can be given for SEVERE OA or RA? […]

A

What NSAID is normally given for OA? Diclofenac What NSAID can be given for SEVERE OA or RA? Indomethacin

70
Q

Ankylosing spondylitis has an HLA marker: […] It’s a form of […]. Another name would be bamboo spine. Commonly affects the following joints and bones: - […] - […] Unlike RA, this affects which gender more? […]

A

“Ankylosing spondylitis has an HLA marker: HLA-B27 It’s a form of seronegative rheumatoid arthritis. Another name would be bamboo spine. Commonly affects the following joints and bones: - SI joint - Vertebral column Unlike RA, this affects which gender more? Males ““Ankylosing Spondylitis B27”” RA is more common in females”

71
Q

Define Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) […]

A

Define Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Rheumatoid Arthritis is a systemic, chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease affecting many tissues but principally attacking the joints. Commonly involves PIP, MCP, wrist, elbows, knees. + Symmetrical DIP, MCP is usually OA, and OA is asymmetrical!

72
Q

Tuberculous osteomyelitis is a specific type of chronic osteomyelitis, characterised by […] inflammation, […] and […] necrosis. Commonly involves […], causing - […] - […] - […]

A

Tuberculous osteomyelitis is a specific type of chronic osteomyelitis, characterised by chronic inflammation, epithelioid granulomas and caseating necrosis. Commonly involves vertebral spine (usually T and L), causing - Compression fractures - Severe deformities (scoliosis, kyphosis) - Neurological deficits due to cord and nerve compression

73
Q

The use of chemotherapy to control micrometastasis in major malignant bone tumours is NOT applicable to […]

A

The use of chemotherapy to control micrometastasis in major malignant bone tumours is NOT applicable to chondrosarcomas Cuz they are NOT chemo sensitive!!

74
Q

General rule of thumb for differentiating benign and malignant primary bone tumours? […]

A

General rule of thumb for differentiating benign and malignant primary bone tumours? Malignant: - Cytological atypia - Permeation of bone trabeculae and marrow - Invasion of soft tissue or adjacent organ

75
Q

How to tell whether joint pain is articular or periarticular? Articular joint pain: - […] - Tender along […] - Pain in […] planes of joint movement Periarticular joint pain: - […] - Tender at […] - Pain in […] planes of joint movement - Stress test positive

A

How to tell whether joint pain is articular or periarticular? Articular joint pain: - BOTH passive and active movements are painful - Tender along joint line - Pain in ALL planes of joint movement Periarticular joint pain: - Passive movement less painful than active movement (less tendon tension) - Tender at structure of involvement - Pain in certain planes of joint movement - Stress test positive

76
Q

How to differentiate between inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritis? Inflammatory: - […]swollen, red, warm - Early morning stiffness […] 1 hour - Pain relief by […] and worsen by […] Non-inflammatory: - […] swollen, red, warm - Early morning stiffness […] 1 hour - Pain relief by […] and worsen by […]

A

How to differentiate between inflammatory and non-inflammatory arthritis? Inflammatory: - swollen, red, warm - Early morning stiffness > 1 hour - Pain relief by movement and worsen by rest Non-inflammatory: - NOT swollen, red, warm - Early morning stiffness < 1 hour - Pain relief by rest and worsen by movement Only 3/5 of the cardinal signs because pain and loss function is applicable to both. FYI

77
Q

What are key physical presentations of gout? - […] - […] What is the gold standard diagnosis for gout? […]

A

What are key physical presentations of gout? - Podagra - Tophi What is the gold standard diagnosis for gout? Urate crystals Podagra = gout of the foot Tophi = monosodium urate crystal deposits

MSK II (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions