Case-Based Discussion: Lower Limb, Bone and Joints Flashcards
What is the primary function of the Flexor Hallucis Longus (FHL)?
The FHL is responsible for flexion of the great toe (hallux), assisting in plantar flexion of the foot, and playing a crucial role in the push-off phase of walking.
Weakness causes flat foot
Which major nerve of the lower limb is most commonly injured due to posterior hip dislocation?
The Sciatic nerve, which divides into the tibial and common peroneal nerves, is the most commonly affected in posterior hip dislocations.
Name the three main stabilizing ligaments of the hip joint.
The three main ligaments are the iliofemoral, pubofemoral, and ischiofemoral ligaments.
What arteries primarily supply blood to the femoral head, and what condition results from disruption of this blood flow?
The medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries supply blood to the femoral head. Avascular necrosis can occur if this blood supply is compromised.
How are femoral neck fractures classified and which type carries the highest risk of avascular necrosis?
Femoral neck fractures are classified as intracapsular or extracapsular. Intracapsular fractures, especially displaced ones, have the highest risk of avascular necrosis.
What are the boundaries and contents of the popliteal fossa?
The popliteal fossa is bounded by the biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus, and the heads of the gastrocnemius. It contains the popliteal artery, vein, tibial nerve, and common peroneal nerve.
What are the ‘5 P’s’ of compartment syndrome?
Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, and Paralysis.
Which muscles are primarily responsible for flexion and extension of the knee?
The hamstrings (biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus) are responsible for flexion, and the quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius) are responsible for extension.
What spinal segment does the patellar tendon reflex test?
The patellar reflex tests the L3-L4 spinal segments.
What are the consequences of a tibial nerve injury?
A tibial nerve injury can result in the loss of plantar flexion and toe flexion, leading to difficulties in walking, particularly during the push-off phase.
Which ligament is most commonly injured in an inversion ankle sprain?
The anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) is the most commonly injured ligament in inversion ankle sprains.
What is the most common mechanism of injury for a meniscus tear in the knee?
Twisting or rotating the knee while the foot is planted, especially during sports, is the most common cause of meniscus tears.
What are the typical radiographic features of knee osteoarthritis?
Joint space narrowing, osteophyte formation, subchondral sclerosis, and subchondral cysts are the typical radiographic features.
What is the primary cause of foot drop, and which nerve is affected?
Foot drop is caused by injury or compression of the common peroneal nerve, leading to weakness in dorsiflexion of the foot.
How is an Achilles tendon rupture typically diagnosed?
It is diagnosed through a positive Thompson test, where squeezing the calf does not produce plantar flexion of the foot.
What is the difference between genu varum and genu valgum?
Genu varum refers to bow-leggedness, while genu valgum refers to knock-knees
