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Medicine > Neurology - Part 1 > Flashcards

Neurology - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The notochord forms the _____ _______ of the intervertebral

A

Nucleus pulposus

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2
Q

The notochord is derived from the _____

A

Mesoderm

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3
Q

Stimulation of the ectoderm then creates the _____ _____ cells

A

Neural crest

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4
Q

The neural tube is derived from the ______ ______

A

medial ectoderm

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5
Q

The neural tube creates what two bodily structures?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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6
Q

What helps protect against neural tube defects during pregnancy?

A

Folic Acid

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7
Q

What medication is generally safe to use during pregnancy for management of gestational diabetes?

A

Metformin

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8
Q

The dura mater has embryologic origins of ______ tissue

A

mesodermal

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9
Q

The epidural space has what two clinical correlations?

A

Epidural anesthesia and epidural hematoma

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10
Q

The arachnoid mater is derived from _____ ______ cells

A

Neural crest

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11
Q

The subarachnoid space is known for what three clinical aspects?

A

Contains CSF, subarachnoid hemorrhage, lumbar puncture

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12
Q

Pia mater is derived from where?

A

Neural crest cells

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13
Q

The thalamus and hypothalamus originate from the _________

A

Diencephalon

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14
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the forebrain?

A

Prosencephalon

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15
Q

What are the vesicles of the forebrain?

A

The Diencephalon and Telencephalon

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16
Q

What are the derivatives of the diencephalon?

A

Hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal gland

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17
Q

What are the derivatives of the telencephalon?

A

Cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia (not all basal ganglia)

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18
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the midbrain?

A

Mesencephalon

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19
Q

What is the vesicle of the midbrain?

A

The mesencephalon

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20
Q

What is the derivative of the midbrain?

A

The midbrain

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21
Q

What is the embryologic origin of the hindbrain?

A

The rhombencephalon

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22
Q

What are the vesicles of the hindbrain?

A

Metencephalon and myelencephalon

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23
Q

What are the derivatives of the metencephalon?

A

Cerebellum and pons

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24
Q

What are the derivtives of the Myelencephalon?

A

Medulla

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25
Q

the Telencephalon is not derived from where?

A

the neural tube

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26
Q

What are the three primary vesicles the neural tube develops into?

A

The prosencephalon, mesencephalon, and the rhombencephalon

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27
Q

________ is commonly due to failure of closure of the rostral neuropore

A

Anencephaly

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28
Q

anencephaly is commonly due to what?

A

Failure of closure of the rostral neuropore

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29
Q

Anencephaly can be found by an elevation of what marker from the mother?

A

Elevated AFP (alpha fetal protein)

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30
Q

Anencephally is absence of the ______

A

Forebrain

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31
Q

Is anencephaly compatible with life?

A

No

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32
Q

Lissencephaly is the lack of?

A

Cortical sulci and gyri

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33
Q

The lack of cortical sulci and gyri is called?

A

lissencephaly

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34
Q

What are the sign and symptoms of Lissencephaly?

A

Microcephaly, ventriculomegaly, hydrocephalus, and craniofacial abnormalities

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35
Q

Caudal neuropore is for what condition?

A

Spina bifida

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36
Q

Myelomeningocele is classically associated with ________ malformations

A

Chiari II

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37
Q

Spina bifida occulta most likely presents with normal _____ levels

A

AFP ( Alpha fetal protein)

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38
Q

Spina bifida is a _____ defect

A

Vertebral

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39
Q

What are the sign and symptoms of spina bifida?

A

a skin dimple or “patch of hair”

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40
Q

A ____ is a hernia defect where the meninges nor spinal cord are in the hernia

A

Meningocele

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41
Q

What are the sign and symptoms of Meningocele?

A

+/- motor impairment, developmental delay, bladder and bowel incontinence

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42
Q

________ is associated wit high amniotic fluid index (polyhydramnios) due to impaired fetal swallowing

A

Anencephaly

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43
Q

Anencephaly is associated with high _______ due to impaired?

A

high amniotic fluid index (Polyhydramnios) due to impaired fetal swallowing

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44
Q

Schwann cells are derived from what origin?

A

Neural crest cell

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45
Q

Schwann cells are associated with which nervous system?

A

Peripheral nervous system

46
Q

One Schwann cell myelinates _____ axon

A

One

47
Q

What is the classical marker for schwann cell pathology?

A

S100 positive

48
Q

Schwann cells are efficient in wallerian ______ and _______

A

Degeneration and regeneration

49
Q

What are the classical pathology associations of schwann cells?

A

Acoustic neuroma and Guillan-Barre syndrome

50
Q

Oligodendrocytes are apart of which nervous system?

A

Central nervous system

51
Q

One oligodendrocyte myelinates _____ axons

A

Many

52
Q

Schwann cells come from what origin?

A

Neural crest cells

53
Q

What is the origin of Oligodendrocytes?

A

neuroectoderm

54
Q

___________ are not effective in wallerian degeneration and regeneration

A

Oligodendrocytes

55
Q

What are the classical pathologies associated with oligodendrocytes?

A

Multiple sclerosis, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and oligodendroglioma

56
Q

What do astrocytes assist in?

A

maintanence of the blood brain barrier

57
Q

Where do astrocytes originiate from?

A

Neuroectoderm origin

58
Q

The glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) marker is important for which cells?

A

Astrocytes

59
Q

Astrocytes are associated with which classic pathology?

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

60
Q

Microglia are the _____ of the CNS

A

phagocytes

61
Q

Where do microglia originate from?

A

Mesoderm

62
Q

What pathology are microglia associated with?

A

HIV associated dementia

63
Q

HIV associated dementia is associated with which cells

A

Microglia

64
Q

What pathology should be remembered in patients with bilateral schwannomas

A

Neurofibromatosis type 2

65
Q

What kind of tumors have a “friend egg” appearance under the microscope?

A

Oligodendrogliomas

66
Q

What cells are primarily responsible for reactive gliosis following CNS neuronal injury?

A

Astrocytes

67
Q

The derivatives of the neural tube (CNS) consist of?

A

The brain, CNS neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, ependymal cells, pineal gland, and spinal cord

68
Q

The neural crest cell derivatives consist of?
(EMO PASS)

A

Enterochromaffin cells
Melanocytes
Odontoblasts
PNS ganglia
Adrenal medulla
Schwann cells
Skull bones

69
Q

What forms nissle substance?

A

Collections of Rough ER

70
Q

Of a neuron, what is the:
-Body
-Output
-Input

A

Body: Soma
Output: Axon
Input: Dendrite

71
Q

neuron anatomy, the soma primarily contains cell ______ including __________

A

organelles; including nissle substance

72
Q

What is the role of the axon?

A

To send out action potentials

73
Q

What is the role of the dendrite?
-Also contains?

A

To recieve input
-Also contains nissle substance

74
Q

Kinesin is the motor protein for ___________

A

Anterograde transport

75
Q

Dinein is the motor protein for __________

A

Retrograde transport

76
Q

When there is neuronal injury, what two things are evident?

A

Cellular edema (peripheral nuclei) and chromatolysis

77
Q

The ________ _______ cannot be visualized with nissle staining

A

Neuronal axon

78
Q

Which nervous system is the Wallerian degeneration more efficient?

A

Peripheral nervous system

79
Q

What is the general idea of Wallerian degeneration?

A

The proximal axonal membrane is retained by axonal retraction and distal degeneration and clearing of axonal debris

80
Q

Axotomy PNS is (more/less) efficient than Axotomy of CNS?

A

More

81
Q

What is the mechanism of Axotomy PNS?
-What removes the axonal debris?

A

Schwann cells separate myelin into fragments and promote regeneration; Macrophages remove axonal debris

82
Q

Axotomy of the CNS is not _____________;
-Why?

A

Efficient;
-Because oligodendrocytes are inefficient at removing myelin, macrophages must cross blood brain barrier.

83
Q

Axonal damage in the brain can be associated with what specific pathology?

A

Stroke

84
Q

What fibers are responsible for transmission of painful sensations?

A

Alpha delta and C fibers

85
Q

What are the characteristics of Alpha Delta fibers (sensory receptors)

A

Myelinated, primary sensory transmission of temperature and pain, fast conduction velocity, higher space constant, and lower time constant

86
Q

What are the characteristics of C fibers?

A

Unmyelinated, Primary sensory transmission of general pain, slow conduction velocity, lower space constant and higher time constant

87
Q

Space constant is also referred to as?

A

Length constant

88
Q

A higher space time means a ______ time

A

Shorter

89
Q

A shorter time means there’s a _______ conduction rate

A

Faster

90
Q

What cell has a “onion skin” appearance on histology slides?

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

91
Q

Meissner Corpuscles:
-Size and myelination
-Primary sense
- Hi-yield
-Histology

A

1.) Can vary in size and myelination
2.) Fine and light touch; Low frequency vibration
3.) Located in areas without hair
4.) Dermal papillae

92
Q

Pacinian Corpuscles:
- Size and myelination
-Primary sense
- Histology

A

1.) Large, myelinated
2.) Deep touch and pressure; high frequency vibration
3.) Onion skin

93
Q

Merkel Discs:
- Size and myelination
-Primary senses
-Location?

A

1.) Large, myelinated
2.) Pressure; Proprioception
3.) Fingertips and areas with hair follicles

94
Q

Ruffini corpuscles:
-Size and myelination
- Primary senses
- Location

A

1.) Large, myelinated
2.) Low frequency vibration; Sustained pressure
3.) Located in joints

95
Q

What is proprioception also referred to as?

A

Kinesthesia

96
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Sense of own bodies position without visual input

97
Q

What tract is responsible for pain and temperature sensation?

A

Lateral spinothalamic tract

98
Q

Within the spinal cord tracts, the spinothalamic tract sensations travel how many spinal levels and in which direction prior to decussation?

A

1-2 levels superiorly

99
Q

What tract is primary sensation for crude touch and pressure?

A

Anterior spinothalamic

100
Q

Which tracts are the sensory tracts and which are the motor tracts?

A

Ascending tracts are sensory tracts and descending are motor

101
Q

What does decussate mean?

A

To cross over

102
Q

What are the most high yield sensations associated with the anterolateral system?

A

Pain and temperature

103
Q

What tract is responsible for vibration and proprioception sensation?

A

the Dorsal column-medial lemniscus

104
Q

What is the sensory and function of the Dorsal column-medial lemniscus?

A

Fine touch; Low frequency vibrations; proprioception; Pressure and high frequency vibration;

105
Q

The DCML ______ at the medulla

A

Decussates

106
Q

What neuronal tract effects T6 and all its lower extemities?

A

The Fasciculus gracilis

107
Q

Where is the fasciculus gracilis located?

A

located Medially in dorsal column

108
Q

What neuronal tract effects T5 and ascending?

A

The Fasciculus cuneatus

109
Q

Where is the Fasciculus Gracilis located?

A

Located laterally in dorsal column

110
Q

What tracts are responsible for unconscious proprioception?

A

Spinocerebellar

111
Q

All fibers carry data to the _______ cerebellum. This may involve double ________

A

Ipsilateral; Decussation

Medicine (10 decks)

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