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Medicine > Immunology Part 1 > Flashcards

Immunology Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the general types of lymphoid tissue?

A

Primary and secondary

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2
Q

What are the types of primary lymphoid organs?

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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3
Q

What is the role of the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymphocyte formation and development

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4
Q

What are the types of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, peyers patches, and tonsils

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5
Q

Where are peyers patches located?

A

Small intestine

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6
Q

What is the role of secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymphocyte activation and development

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7
Q

What is the physiological role of bone marrow for the lymphatic system?
-What is its role?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells go through the lymphoid lineage and creates B cells, T cells, and NK cells;
- In control of B cell proliferation and maturation

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8
Q

How is the lymphoid lineage started from the HSC (Hematopoietic stem cells)?

A

With the addition of IL-7

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9
Q

What cells does the lymphoid lineage produce?

A

B cells, T cells and natural killer cells (NK cells)

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10
Q

NK cells are apart of which immune system

A

Innate immune system

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11
Q

Where do B cells mature? Where do T cells mature?

A

B cells mature in the bone marrow where T cells mature in the thymus

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12
Q

B and T cells are apart of which immune system?

A

Adaptive immune system

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13
Q

What additions are needed for the HSC to enter the Myeloid lineage?

A

The additions of granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-3

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14
Q

What cells does the myeloid lineage make?

A

Erythrocytes, platelets, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and Mast cells

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15
Q

Which lineage is Immuno related and which lineage is heme/onc related?

A

Lymphoid lineage is immuno related
Myeloid is heme/onc related

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16
Q

The thymus is derived from?

A

The third pharyngeal arch

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17
Q

What is the third pharyngeal arch associated with? (Embryologically)

A

The endoderm

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18
Q

Of the Thymus, what are its characteristics?

A

Encapsulated and houses T cells for maturation

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19
Q

Under a microscope, what will the cortex and medulla look like from the Thymus?

A

The cortex will be darker due to the amount of lymphocytes present and the medulla is lighter in color

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20
Q

Where are hassle corpuscles located?

A

In the medulla of the thymus

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21
Q

What pathologies can be associated with Thymic aplasia?

A

DiGeorge syndrome and SCID

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22
Q

What is SCID stand for?

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

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23
Q

What pathology can be associated with Thymoma?

A

Myasthenia gravis

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24
Q

Of the spleen, the white pulp houses what two vesicles and what are the cells they hold?

A

Houses follicles that contain B-cells and houses periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths that contain T cells

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25
Q

Where is the marginal zone in the Spleen located?

A

Between the white pulp and Red pulp

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26
Q

What are the characteristics of the marginal zone in the spleen?

A

Phagocytic cells and allows antigen presentation from blood

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27
Q

What are the characteristics of the Red pulp in the spleen?

A

Contain arterioles, sinusoids, and phagocytic cells

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28
Q

Age dependent RBCs are removed by what other cell?

A

Macrophages

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29
Q

When there is Asplenia (e.g. patient got a splenectomy), there’s an increased risk of what?
-Is there treatment?

A

Increased risk of infection by encapsulated bacteria
- Treatment consists of vaccinations

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30
Q

Trauma to the spleen causes ____________

A

Rupture

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31
Q

What is the treatment of Hereditary Spherocytosis/

A

Splenectomy

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32
Q

What pathology causes functional Asplenia?

A

Sickle cell disease

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33
Q

The spleen produces what immunoglobulin? (or can house)

A

IgM

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34
Q

What is another role of the spleen in terms of blood?

A

It stores platelets.

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35
Q

What are the big three encapsulated bacterium?
-Are there vaccines for these?

A

Streptococcus Pneumoniae, Haemophiles influenza type b, and Neisseria meningitidis
-Yes

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36
Q

In the lymph nodes, the cortex contains what vesicle that houses what cells?

A

contains follicles that house B-cells

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37
Q

What are the two types of follicles in the tonsils?

A

Primary and secondary

38
Q

What are some characteristics of primary follicles?

A

Dense and dormant

39
Q

What are some characteristics of secondary follicles?

A

They are activated cells, allow isotype switching, and are more numerous in infection, less numerous in X-linked agammaglobulinemia AND SCID

40
Q

What does the Paracortex house in tonils?

A

T cells and high endothelial venules (HEVs)

41
Q

in the tonsils, Where do lymphocytes enter to reach the blood?

A

High endothelial venules

42
Q

In the lymph nodes, what cells does the medulla house?

A

Plasma cells, lymphocytes, and macrophages

43
Q

What is the role of sinuses in lymph nodes?

A

Drains the lymph out and contains macrophages

44
Q

There are _________ T cells in the lymph nodes when there is infection and ____________ during DiGeorge syndrome

A

Elevated; Decreased

45
Q

Explain the lymph flow through the tonsils: Steps 1-5

A

1.) Enters afferent lymphatic vessel
2.) Goes into the subcapsular sinus
3.) Then enters trabecular sinus
4.) Enters medullary sinus
5.) Finally through efferent lymphatic vessels and into the blood

46
Q

What type of follicles are darker, primary or secondary?
-Why?

A

Primary
-because they aren’t active

47
Q

The changing of what can change an isotype? (e.g IgM –> IgG)

A

Changing the Heavy chain

48
Q

During infection, what happens to the amount of germinal centers?

A

They increase in number

49
Q

What happens with the amount of germinal centers in diseases that are X-linked agammaglobulinemia and SCID?

A

They decrease in number

50
Q

Plasma cells pump out a lot of?

A

Antibodies

51
Q

What other cells also participate in Isotype switching by presenting it to a B-Cell in the lymph node?

A

T cell

52
Q

What cells stimulate Isotype switching?

A

CD40-CD40L

53
Q

Do all B cells become memory B cells?

A

No, some become Memory B cells and some become plasma cells

54
Q

Where are peyers patches primarily located?

A

Ileum

55
Q

In peyers patches, M-cells allow for?

A

Antigen transport to macrophages

56
Q

What does MALT stand for?

A

Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue

57
Q

When you think of the immunoglobulin IgA, we can think of?

A

the GI system

58
Q

Of the innate immune system:
- Specific?
-Speed
-Future response
-Memory
-Antigen ID

A

Non specific
Speed: Rapid
Future response: Equal to initial response
Memory: None
Antigen ID: Toll like receptors (TLRs), PAMPS, causing increased NF-kB

59
Q

What are the cells acquainted with the innate immune system? (cells released for attack)

A

IgM, complement, lysozyme, lactoferrin, respiratory burst

60
Q

What consists of the respiratory burst?

A

Superoxide radicals, hydrogen peroxide

61
Q

What is NF-kB responsible for?

A

Transcribing cytokines

62
Q

Apart of the innate response, what does the bone marrow produce?

A

Increases number of neutrophils and other PMNs

63
Q

What does PMN stand for?

A

Polymorphonuclear

64
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

A

They are a general response, participate in phagocytosis, and oxidative burst (Respiratory burst)

65
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophils?

A

Involved in parasitic infections, participate in phagocytosis and allergic reactions

66
Q

What are the characteristics of Basophils?

A

Involved in parasitic infection, allergic reaction and are non-phagocytic

67
Q

What are the characteristics of Mast cells?

A

Participate in allergic reactions

68
Q

Monocytes once they enter the tissues can turn into what two different cells?

A

Either macrophages or dendritic cells

69
Q

What are the characteristics of macrophages?

A

Participate in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

70
Q

What are the characteristics of Dendritic cells?

A

They participate in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

71
Q

What cells are found on the surface of Natural killer cells?

A

CD56

72
Q

What is the primary function of the Innate immune system?

A

Rapidly recognize and neutralize new infectious agents

73
Q

What is the innate immune response effective against?

A

Fungi and parasitic infections

74
Q

What is the genetic consideration of the innate immune system?

A

Germline encoded, meaning the innate immune system is person dependent

75
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

76
Q

toll like receptors are classified as?

A

Pathogen Recognition receptors

77
Q

Are immunoglobulins specific?

A

Yes

78
Q

What are immature neutrophils also called?

A

Band Cells

79
Q

If there are elevated Band cells, we can suspect someone has an?

A

Infection

80
Q

What immune cell stains pink under a microscope?

A

Eosinophils

81
Q

The binding of CD40/CD40L allows for what to happen to B cells?

A

Allows them to switch to plasma cells

82
Q

What are the general characteristics of the adaptive immune system?
-Specific?
-Speed
-Future response
- Memory
-Antigen ID

A

Specific
Speed: Slow
Future response: Heightened
memory: Present after exposure
Antigen ID: previous epitope exposure

83
Q

The adaptive immune response sends out what cells?

A

T and B cells

84
Q

in the adaptive immune response, T cells correlate with what other two cells?

A

CD8+ and CD4+

85
Q

in the adaptive immune response, B cells correlate with what other two types of cells?

A

Plasma cells and immunoglobulins

86
Q

Adaptive immune system is effective against?

A

Robust or frequently encountered pathogens

87
Q

What is the genetic consideration for the adaptive immune system?

A

Variable-Diversity-Joining recombination (VDJ recombination) and hypervariation

88
Q

What are the four types of antigen presenting cells (APC)?

A

Dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, and B cells

89
Q

What is the process of dendritic cell to antigen presentation? (steps 1 - 4)

A

1.) Dendritic cell phagocytosis of pathogen
2.) protein components are loaded onto major histocompatibility complex receptor (MHC)
3.) Antigen presentation to naive T cell with matching T cell receptor (TCR)
4.) T cell gets activated causing a cell mediated response

90
Q

What are the two cell mediated responses?

A

1.) CD4+ TCR binding to MHC II causing cytokine release
2.) CD8+ TCR binding to MHC I causing destruction of the APC as it recognizes it as an infected molecule

91
Q

The rule of 8’s applies to which immune response?
-How so?

A

Cell mediated.
- CD4+ binds to MHC II, 2x4 equal 8. CD8+ binds to MHC I, 8x1 is still 8.

92
Q

What is the process of B cell antigen presentation? (Steps 1-4)

A

1.) B-cell phagocytosis of pathogen
2.) protein components loaded onto MHC receptor
3.) Antigen presentation to TCR
4.) B cell undergoes class switching to plasma cell, initiating humoral immunity

Medicine (10 decks)

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