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Medicine > Cardiology - Cardiac Parameters > Flashcards

Cardiology - Cardiac Parameters Flashcards

1
Q

What is the End diastolic volume?

A

Preload

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2
Q

What is the End Systolic volume?

A

1/contractility

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3
Q

What is the stroke volume? (equation)

A

EDV - ESV

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4
Q

What is the equation of ejection fraction?
-Typically greater than what percent?

A

SV/EDV
- >50%

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5
Q

Do we eject all the blood during Systolic ejection?

A

no

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6
Q

What value will influence EDV?

A

Contractility

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7
Q

What happens when there’s increased venous return?

A

Increased venous return causing increased EDV (increased preload) which increases SV and contractility

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8
Q

Total peripheral resistance (TPR) is synonymous to?

A

Afterload

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9
Q

If there is increased TPR (afterload), how does this effect ESV and SV?

A

increases ESV and decreases SV

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10
Q

What compensates for afterload in healthy hearts?

A

Preload

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11
Q

Between preload and afterload, which has a more dominant effect in heart failure?

A

Afterload

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12
Q

What is ‘Law of LaPlace’

A

The equivalence of Wall stress

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13
Q

What is the equation of Law of LaPlace

A

Wall stress = Wall tension/Wall thickness

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14
Q

What happens when there is increased SNS activity? (Contractility, ESV, SV)

A

Causes increased contractility and ESV but causes decreased SV

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15
Q

When there is increased SNS activity, why does contractility increase?

A

Because of sarcomere lengthening

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16
Q

Nitrates cause venous ________
-How does this effect preload, EDV, O2 demand, compliance?

A

dilation
-Decreases preload, EDV, and myocardial O2 demand but allows for increased compliance

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17
Q

What does Digoxin do to the heart?

A

increases heart contractility

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18
Q

TPR is also synonymous to what other cardiac parameter?

A

Systemic vascular resistance

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19
Q

What is the TPR/SVR dictated by?
-What does this do for TPR and pressure?

A

Arterioles by constriction
-Constriction causes increased TPR and increased diastolic blood pressure

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20
Q

What happens to SV if afterload increases?

A

SV decreases

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21
Q

How does hydralazine effect the body?
- and, What does it do to TPR?

A

Its an arterial vasodilator
-Decreases TPR

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22
Q

When there is decreased vagal tone, how does this effect heart rate?

A

it doesn’t stimulate the SA node and therefore, HR goes up

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23
Q

What happens to the heart rate if there is increased Vagal tone?

A

causes it to go down

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24
Q

When primarily does left ventricular myocardial perfusion occur?

A

During diastole

25
Q

What is the equation of cardiac output?

A

HR x SV

26
Q

What is the equation of the maximal heart rate?

A

220 bpm - Age of person

27
Q

During systole, the ________ pressures will be the highest of all

A

Subendocardial

28
Q

What portion of the heart is most susceptible to ischemia?

A

left Ventricular subendocardium

29
Q

What is the principle of the Frank Starling mechanism?

A

Increased preload causes increased contractility causing increased Stroke volume

30
Q

What are these values of the Frank starling curve?
-X axis
-Y axis
-Slope of the Curve
-Point Along the curve

A

X axis: LVEDP (preload, LVEDV, fiber length)
Y-axis: Stroke Volume
Slope of the curve: Defined by afterload and contractility
Point on the curve: Defined by preload

31
Q

Epinephrine and digoxin _______ contractility

A

increase

32
Q

If a patient is on digoxin (or epi), on the frank starling graph, where will the point of the curve be located?
-What happens to SV?

A

Further and SV will increase

33
Q

In which direction will the Frank starling curve move when increasing contractility?

A

UP

34
Q

If the patient is on Hydralazine, which direction will the curve (frank starling) shift?

A

Shifts to the left

35
Q

What causes a rightward shift on the Frank starling graph?
-What causes a left shift?

A

Decreased contractility and increased TPR causes rightward shift
-Increased contractility and decreased TPR causes leftward shift

36
Q

With stroke volume, if it decreases, which direction does the Frank Starling curve shift?
-How about increases?

A

Decrease SV: Right shift
Increase SV: left shift

37
Q

Increased preload causes increased _____?

A

stroke volume

38
Q

Metoprolol causes what shift in the frank starling curve?

A

Rightward shift

39
Q

What is the equation of Cardiac output?

A

CO = HR x SV

40
Q

What is the Fick principle?

A

Cardiac output is equal to the rate of O2 consumption divided by arteriovenous O2 difference
-Practically the rate of O2 consumed

41
Q

What is the equation of Fick principle?

A

Rate of O2 consumed / (Arterial O2) - (Venous O2)

42
Q

The total peripheral resistance is determined by the state of ______ resistance

A

Arterial

43
Q

What is the equation to find pulse pressure (PP)?

A

Systolic pressure - Diastolic pressure

44
Q

The heart spends _______ _______ of the time in diastole

A

two thirds

45
Q

How do you calculate Mean arterial pressure?
-Name only one or all three ways

A

1.) MAP = CO x TPR
2.) MAP = 1/3 systolic pressure + 2/3 diastolic pressure
3.) MAP = 1/3 PP + Diastolic pressure

46
Q

Cardiac output reacts from _______ blood pressure

A

Systolic

47
Q

TPR reacts from ______ blood pressure

A

Diastolic

48
Q

Pulse pressure (is/isn’t) synonymous to Stroke volume? If PP goes up, what happens to SV?

A

IS
- If one goes up, so does the other

49
Q

With a narrow pulse pressure (120/100) we can think of what cardiac pathology?

A

Cardiac tamponade

50
Q

Widened pulse pressures are classically presented in what cardiac pathology?

A

Aortic regurgitation

51
Q

The coronary blood flow has extremely elevated O2 extraction because why?

A

Because of myocardial tissue demand

52
Q

What two local hormones cause vasodilation?

A

Nitric oxide and adenosine

53
Q

Mostly, if not all, organs of the body are perfused during (Systole or diastole)?

A

Systole

54
Q

Increased O2 demand means decreased _____ available

A

ATP

55
Q

When there is an decrease of ATP available, _________ builds up and causes vasodilation to increase O2 and ATP availability

A

Adenosine

56
Q

(what local mediator) __________ primarily works on coronary vessels but also veins

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

57
Q

What will happen to a patient with atherosclerosis if they decide to workout?
-Why does this happen?

A

Chest pain or angina
- Because they already have constant vasodilation and their body is requiring a higher O2 demand than their already high baseline

58
Q

Coronary perfusion occurs primarily during ventricular (1)______ while organ perfusion primarily through ventricular (2)__________

A

1.) Relaxation
2.) Contraction

59
Q

Pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) can be approximated with the ________

A

Left atria

Medicine (10 decks)

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