Cardiology - Vasculature

Question 1

What are the 5 vascular structures?

Answer 1

Coronary arteries, brachiocephalic trunk, subclavian arteries, common left carotid arteries, and the ligamentum arteriosum

Question 2

The ligamentum arteriosum is the remnant of what embryologic structure?

Answer 2

Ductus arteriosus

Question 3

What spinal bone regions are the Key landmarks of the cardiac arteries? (there are 5 total)

Answer 3

T12, L1, L2, L3, and L4

Question 4

In T12 key landmark, What is the importance of this landmark for the Cardiac arteries?
1.)
2.)

Answer 4

1.) Descending aorta transverses the diaphragm via aortic hiatus
2.) origin of the celiac trunk

Question 5

In L1 key landmark, What is the importance of this landmark for the Cardiac arteries?
1.)
2.)

Answer 5

1.) Superior mesenteric artery origin
2.) Right renal arteries origin

Question 6

In L2 key landmark, What is the importance of this landmark for the Cardiac arteries?
1.)
2.)

Answer 6

1.) Left renal artery origin
2.) Gonadal arteries origin

Question 7

In L3 key landmark, What is the importance of this landmark for the Cardiac arteries?

Answer 7

its the Inferior mesenteric artery origin

Question 8

In L4 key landmark, What is the importance of this landmark for the Cardiac arteries?

Answer 8

the site of bifurcation into common iliac arteries (at naval)
- The abdominal aorta bifurcates here..

Question 9

What is the brachiocephalic artery only connected to?

Answer 9

Right common carotid artery and right subclavian artery

Question 10

What only two arteries branch off the aortic arch?

Answer 10

Left common carotid coronary artery and left subclavian arteries

Question 11

What is the area between the ligamentum arteriosum and the left subclavian artery known as?

Answer 11

The Aortic Isthmus

Question 12

At what point does the descending aorta become the abdominal aorta?

Answer 12

Once it surpasses the diaphragm

Question 13

In general, the _______ is superior to ______ for visualization of the left atrium, mitral valve, and descending aorta

Answer 13

TEE is superior to TTE

Question 14

What is the etiology of Subclavian Steal Syndrome?

Answer 14

primarily Atherosclerosis; Takayusu arteritis, and previous thoracic (aortic) surgery

Question 15

What is the pathophysiology of subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 15

Subclavian stenosis causing contralateral vertebral artery steal phenomena

Question 16

What are the presentations of Subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 16

Ipsilateral limb ischemia, asymmetric BP between upper extremities, dizziness, diplopia, syncope, worsening of symptoms during activity of affected limb

Question 17

What could be seen on imagine in subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 17

Reduced contrast uptake in areas distal to stenosis and ipsilateral vertebral artery

Question 18

What is the most classic pathology of Subclavian steal syndrome?

Answer 18

Atherosclerosis

Question 19

Which form of subclavian steal syndrome is most common?

Answer 19

Left sided subclavian steal syndrome

Question 20

What is the etiology of Superior vena cava syndrome?

Answer 20

Mass lesion (malignancy) or thrombosis (venous catheter)

Question 21

What is the presentation of superior vena cava syndrome?

Answer 21

Edema (bilateral face), bilateral upper extremities, JVD, headache, elevated intracranial pressure

Question 22

What is the etiology of brachiocephalic venous obstruction?

Answer 22

Pancoast tumor or thrombosis (venous catheter)

Question 23

What is the presentation of Brachiocephalic venous obstruction?

Answer 23

unilateral facial edema and unilateral upper extremity edema; otherwise the same as superior vena cava syndrome

Question 24

Where is the edema in subclavian and/or axillary venous obstructions?

Answer 24

unilateral upper extremity

Question 25

What is the etiology of inferior vena cava compression?

Answer 25

Supine hypotensive syndrome (3rd trimester)

Question 26

What is the presentation of Inferior vena cava compression?

Answer 26

Bilateral lower extremity edema

Question 27

What is the danger to the fetus during inferior vena cava compression?
- How do you improve this condition?

Answer 27

Fetus hypoxia
-Repositioning the mother

Question 28

What are the four kinds of obstructions of the venous drainage?

Answer 28

Superior Vena Cava syndrome
Brachiocephalic venous obstruction
Subclavian and/or Axillary venous obstruction
Inferior vena cava compression

Question 29

What is the Azygos vein?
- Which sided
-What does it connect
-Relevance

Answer 29

Right sided vein
Connects the superior vena cava to the inferior vena cava
its an alternative pathway for blood to return to the right atrium

Question 30

What is a Pancoast tumor?

Answer 30

A lung tumor

Question 31

What is the preferred artery for coronary bypass grafting?

Answer 31

Internal thoracic (mammary) artery

Question 32

What is the prevalence of the Great saphenous vein?

Answer 32

Its used in coronary bypass grafting (CBG)

Question 33

When talking about getting femoral access, what is the pneumonic used to direct from lateral to medial guidance?

Answer 33

NAVEL

Question 34

What does the pneumonic NAVEL stand for? (Each letter)

Answer 34

-Femoral Nerve
-Femoral Artery
-Femoral Vein
-Empty
-Lymphatics

Question 35

Where is the Femoral arterial access site?

Answer 35

At the site of femoral pulsation below inguinal ligament

Question 36

What is the clinical correlation of the femoral arterial access?

Answer 36

If access ABOVE inguinal ligament leads to increased risk of retroperitoneal hemorrhage

Question 37

Should you access the inguinal ligament above or below the femoral artery?

Answer 37

BELOW!

Question 38

Where are the key landmarks of the Inferior vena cava? (spine)

Answer 38

T8 and L5

Question 39

Why is T8 a landmark of the inferior vena cava?

Answer 39

It transverses the diaphragm

Question 40

Why is L5 a key landmark of the inferior vena cava?

Answer 40

formed by the right and left iliac veins

Question 41

What is the indication of an Inferior vena cava filter?

Answer 41

Failure or contraindication to anticoagulant therapy in the setting of a lower extremity DVT

Question 42

On a CTA, the descending aorta is on the ______ of the Inferior vena cava?

Answer 42

left