Neurology/Developmental Flashcards
By when should babies regain the weight they lost after birth
2 weeks
Failure to thrive in a newborn is defined by what length of time without weight gain
3 weeks of age or 10 continuous days of weight loss
Babies should double their weight by when? Triple their weight?
Double by 4-5 months, Triple by 1 year
What is daily caloric intake for a baby
100cal/kg/day
How often and how much should a newborn feed
4-8 oz every 3-4 hours
Large fontanelle is caused by what
Chromosomal abnormalities, hypothyroidism
Bulging Fontanelle is caused by what
Sign of increased ICP
What is the most common cause increased ICP and bulging fontanelle
Hydrocephalus
Name all the developmental milestones for a 2 month old
Lifts head, follows midline, vocalizes, smiles
Name all the developmental milestones for a 4 month old
Sit-head steady, grasp rattle, laughs, regards own handd
Name all the developmental milestones for a 6 month old
Roll over, sit with no support, reach, turn to rattling noise, works for a toy
Name all the developmental milestones for a 9 month old
Stands holding on, pulls to a stand, passes objects, sings syllables, waves bye-bye
When do primary teeth come in
7 months
What are some sx of teething
Fever, URI, systemic illness
Tx for teeting
Topical anesthetics - Benzocaine
What immunizations does a 2 month old get
Hep.B, DTap, HiB, Pneumococcal, Rotavirus, Polio
What immunizations does a 4 month old get
Hep.B, DTap, HiB, Pneumococcal, Rotavirus, Polio
What immunizations does a 6 month old get
Hep.B DTap, HiB, Pneumococcal, Rotavirus, Polio
What immunizations does a 12 month old get
Hep.A, Varicella, HiB, Pneumococcal, MMR
What immunizations does a 15 month old get
DTap
What immunizations does an 18 month old get
Hep.A
What immunizations does a 4-6 year old get
DTap, Polio
What immunizations does an 11-16 year old get
MMR, Varicella, HPV, Meningiococcal
What chromosome naming is for Turners Syndrome
45,XO
Sx of Turners Syndrome
Short stature, webbed neck, low posterior hairline, cardiovascular abnormalities (Coarctation of Aorta)
Tx for Turners Syndrome
Estrogen replacement
What chromosome naming is for Down Syndrome
Trisomy 21
Signs of Down Syndrome
Upslanting palpebral fissures, epicanthal folds, midface hypoplasia, small dysplastic pinnae, cognitive disabilites
Screening for Down Syndrome
Triple screening at 15-20 weeks gestation
Low AFP, High Beta-hCG, Low Estradiol
What is a febrile seizure
Seizure that lasts less than 5 minutes during an illness, usually URI, GI (Campylobacter, or Shigella), UTI, Roseola
Dx criteria for febrile seizure
Age: 3 months-6yrs
Fever greater than 38degrees
Non-CNS infection
Tx for febrile seizures
Rule out other causes
Consider LP if
Define a Simple Partial Seizure
Confined to only a part of the brain or one hemisphere
Consciousness is maintained
Define a Complex Partial Seizure
Confined to only a part of the brain or one hemisphere
Loss of consciousness, usually temporal lobe affected
Automatisms seen like lip smacking, picking, patting, coordinated motor movements
Define an Absence Seizure
Brief impairment of consciousness
Pt. unaware of attacks
Staring off, Twitching
Define a Tonic Clonic Seizure
Loss of Consciousness
Rigidity and Resp. arrest followed by repetitive rhythmic jerking lasting 2-3 minutes, Post-Ictal phase may follor
Tx for seizures
Ethosuximide for absense seizures only (especially preventatitive)
Benzodiazepines (Lorazepam/Diazepam), Phenyotin, Phenobarbital
Preventative: Keppra, Ethosuximide
Criteria for bacterial meningitis
Low Glucose
High Protein
Neutrophils
Turbid Color
Criteria for viral meningitis
Normal Glucose
Low Protein
Monocytes
Clear Color
Common meningitis pathogens for neonates vs. kids
Neonates: Group B Strep, Listeria, E.Coli
Kids - 18yrs: N.Meningitidis #1, Strep. Pneumo, H.flu
Sx of Meningitis
Fever, Chills, Headache, nuchal rigidity, photophobia, altered mental status, vomiting
Tx of Meningitis
Neonates: Ampicillin + Gentamicin
Kids 3 months+: Ceftriaxone + Vancomycin
Dexamethosone before abx if >1yr
Rifampin or Cipro for contacts at home
Sx of migraines
Cylcical vomiting, abdominal pain, auras
Sx of tension headaches
Tight, dull, can last for days, no nausea/vomiting
Tx for acute headaches
Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, Sumatriptan Nasal
Preventative tx for headaches
Beta-Blockers, CCB, Amitriptyline, Topiramate, Valproic Acid
What is the most common cause of Macrocephaly
Hydrocephalus which causes bulging fontanelle
What is a gross motor milestone for a kid 6 months old
Roll Over, Sit with no support
What are the immunizations for a 2 month old
Hep.B, DTap, HiB, Rotavirus, Polio, Pneumococcal
Sx of Turners Syndrome
Short-Stature, Webbed Neck, Low posterior hairline, cardiovascular abnormalities (Coarctation of aorta)
What are the 3 criteria for febrile seizures
Age 3 months-6yrs
Fever >38 degrees C
Non-CNS infection
What happens to consciousness during a Simple Partial Seizure
Consciousness is fully maintained
What is the rooting reflex and by when does it disappear
When touching an infants cheek, he will move his head in the direction of touch and start a sucking motion. Disappears by 4 months of age
Dx Absence Seizures
Brief impairment of consciousness. Pt usually unaware of attacks
Starring episodes, eye twitching, blinking, chewing, or hand movements
No convulsions, no post-ictal state
Tx: Ethosuximide or Valproic Acid
