Neurology Flashcards
occlusive stroke path
thrombotic = plaque -> rupture embolic = stroke from somewhere else (AFib, carotids fat, air)
occlusive stroke pt
focal neurologic deficit, acute
HTN, DM, obese, smoker, vascular disease (thrombotic)
young female with neck pain (dissection)
AFib with valvular disease (embolic)
Think FAST (face droop, arm drift, slurred speech, time and transport)
occlusive stroke dx
1st: CT scan (r/o bleed)
best: MRI (tPa before MRI if acute)
occlusive stroke tx
tPA
- < 3hrs if diabetic
- < 4.5hrs if not diabetic
- NEVER brain bleed before
- no recent GI bleed
- no surgery within 21d
- no trauma
occlusive stroke tx2:
secondary prevention aspirin first line aspirin + dipyridamole if fails aspirin clopidogrel if aspirin not tolerated warfarin INR 2-3 if CHADS2 > 2 and AFib
occlusive stroke risk
statins, LDL <70, high-potency
insulin, HgbA1c < 7
ACE-I, BP <135/85
occlusive stroke f/u
Echo (TTE -> TEE), if clot, heparin -> warfarin
U/S carotid; >70% stenosis or symptomatic -> carotid endarterectomy….must wait weeks
hemorrhagic stroke path
hypertension
intraparenchymnal, subarachnoid
hemorrhagic stroke pt
focal neurologic deficit
worst headache of their life
hemorrhagic stroke dx
non-contrast CT = blood
hemorrhagic stroke tx
neurosurgery
MAP < 110
BP goals in stroke (24hrs)
stroke, tPA <180/110
stroke, no tPA < 220/120
hemorrhagic MAP < 110
posterior fossa tumor path
tumor
demyelinating diseases
posterior fossa tumor pt
NO ear symptoms
YES focal neurologic deficit (dizziness)
posterior fossa tumor dx
MRI MRA
posterior fossa tumor tx
control blood flow
resect tumor
benign paroxysmal positional vertigo path
otolith in semicircular canal
BPPV pt
recurrent and reproducible vertigo
< 1 min with head movement
BPPV dx
Dix-Hallpike = rotary nystagmus
BPPV tx
Epley maneuver (otolith repositioning)
Labyrinthitis/vestibular neuritis path
post-viral syndrome, usually URI
labyrinthitis/vestibular neuritis pt
weeks after URI presenting with vertigo, nausea/vomiting, tinnitus/hearing loss (loss specifically labyrinthitis)
labyrinthitis/vestibular neuritis dx
clinical, diagnosis of exclusion
labyrinthitis/vestibular neuritis tx
steroids, but only with 72hrs of onset, otherwise wait it out
meniere’s path
?
meniere’s pt
tinnitus, hearing loss, episodic vertigo
lasts > 30min
meniere’s dx
clinical
meniere’s tx
diuretic and low salt diet
grand mal seizure path
seizure, generalized, complex
grand mal seizure pt
convulsions = tonic clonic jerking
loss of consciousness
grand mal seizure dx
EEG
grand mal seizure tx
abort seizure = benzo
myoclonic seizure path
seizure, simple, partial
myoclonic seizure pt
spastic contractions
NO loss of consciousness
myoclonic seizure dx
EEG
myoclonic seizure tx
valproate
absence seizure path
seizure, partial, complex
absence seizuRe pt
maintains tone
loses consciousness - 100s of times per day
children
you think they are ADHD
absence seizure dx
EEG
absence seizure tx
ethosuximide or valproate
atonic seizure path
seizure, partial, siimple
atonic seizure pt
loses tone
maintains consciousness
atonic seizure dx
EEG
atonic seizure tx
valproate, helmets
trigeminal neuralgia path
seizure of trigeminal nerve
trigeminal neuralgia pt
lightning pain across the face, especially while chewing or drinking cold liquids
trigeminal neuralgia dx
EEG
trigeminal neuralgia tx
carbamazepine
status epilepticus path
sustained seizure
status epilepticus pt
continued seizure or failure or resolution or failure of post-octal state for 20mins
status epilepticus dx
EEG
status epilepticus tx
abort the seizure
status epilepticus path
VITAMINS vs epilepsy
non-compliance
status epilepticus pt
if after 20mins
- uninterrupted seizure OR
- failure to resolve post-ictal state
status epilepticus dx
if seizing, abort seizure first
EEG for seizure
check seizure medication levels
VITAMINS
status epilepticus tx
for seizures - lamotrigine - valproate - levitiracetam for status - IV Benzes, IV Benzos, IV benzos - IV fosphenytoin - IV phenobarbital - IV midazolam and propofol
VITAMINS for seizures
vascular - stroke, bleed infection - encephalitis, meningitis trauma - MVA, TBI autoimmune - lupus, vasculitis metabolic - Na, Ca, Mg, O2, glucose idiopathic - 'everybody gets one' neoplasm - mets vs. primary (p)sychiatric - faking it, iatrogenic
Parkinson’s path
loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra, loss of excitatory signal
parkinson’s pt
bradykinesia
cog-wheel rigidity
resting tremor
gait/postural instability
Parkinson’s dx
clinical
best: autopsy = Lewy bodies
parkinson’s tx
if > 70 or non-functional = levodopa-carbidopa
if < 70 and functional = ropinirole, pramipexole
add others as levodopa-carbidopa fails
-selegiline (MAO-B)
-Entacapone (COMT)
DBS
essential tremor path
familial
essential tremor pt
no tremor at rest, worsens with movement
males 40-60y/o
essential tremor dx
clinical
essential tremor tx
propranolol
cerebellar dysfunction path
cerebellar lesion = EtOH, CVA
cerebellar dysfunction pt
no tremor at rest
worsens with movement, gets worse with intention (closer you get, worse it gets)
cerebellar dysfunction dx
clinical
cerebellar dysfunciton tx
none
delirium tremens path
withdrawal from EtOH, benzos
delirium tremens pt
tremor at rest
anxiety, hallucinating, HTN, tachycardia
delirium tremens dx
clinical
delirium tremens tx
oxazepam or chloridazepoxide (ppx) lorazepam prn (tx)
huntington’s path
genetics, trinucleotide repeat, anticipation
huntington’s pt
chorea and dementia
huntington’s dx
clinical
huntington’s tx
none
tension headache path
muscular
tension headache pt
bilateral vice-like pain
temples that radiates to neck
worsens with exercise
tension ha dx
clinical
tension ha tx
OTC (acetaminophen)
cluster ha path
vascular ha
cluster ha pt
unilateral, lacrimation, ptosis, conjunctival injection
cluster ha dx
clinical
cluster ha tx
oxygen
cluster ha ppx
verapamil, diltiazem
cluster ha f/u
one-time brain imaging MRI (MRI > CT) scan after attacks end
migraines path
vascular, vasodilation
migraines pt
photophobia, phonophobia
unilateral pounding headache
aborts with sleep, hangover the next day
migraines dx
clinical
migraines tx
mild = NSAIDs severe = ergots/triptans (caution CAD)
migraines ppx
propranolol best
verapamil/diltiazem ok
benign intracranial hypertension path
increased ICP
benign intracranial hypertension pt
female on OCPs
HA worse in the morning
sounds like tumor
benign intracranial HTN dx
CT r/o tumor
LP has elevated opening pressure
- relief of pressure = relief of symptoms
benign intracranial HTN tx
stop OCPs
acetazolamide
benign intracranial hypertension f/u
serial LP or VP shunt
analgesic rebound headache path
withdrawal
analgesic rebound ha pt
person who takes a bunch of pain meds and then stops
analgesic rebound ha dx
clinical
analgesic rebound ha tx
just get through it
cord compression path
compression of spinal cord by any means - fx, mets, abscess
cord compression pt
neurologic compromise, back pain, and hx of cancer fever urinary symptoms sexual dysfunction sensory deficit in dermatome bilateral LE weakness
cord compression dx
1st: xray spine
best: MRI spine
cord compression tx
IV steroids, then dz specific
- drain hematoma
- I&D, abx for abscess
- surgery/radiation for tumor
- surgery for fx
musculoskeletal back pain path
muscular strain
msk back pain pt
patient has belt-like pain
no tenderness, no step-offs, no neuro signs
<40yo lifting heavy weights
msk back pain dx
clinical
msk back pain tx
NSAIDs and exercise
herniation of disk path
nucleus pulposes
herniation of disk pt
MSK +
- lightning pain that shoots down the leg with cough nd hip flexion
- straight leg raise elicits pain
- check for plantar flexion (L5, S1) or dorsiflexion (L4, L5)
unilateral
herniation of disk dx
1st: xray
best: MRI
herniation of disk tx
neurosurgery > conservative management at 6mo
the same at 1 yr
osteophytes path
bone spurs pinch nerve at exit
osteophytes pt
old guy, NO heavy lifting, but sounds like herniation
osteophytes dx
1st: xray
best: MRI
osteophytes tx
surgical removal
compression fracture path
osteoporosis
compression fx pt
old lady with a fall, falls on her butt
pinpoint tenderness
vertebral step-offs
compression fx dx
1st: xray
best: MRI
compression fx tx
surgery (laminectomy)
compression fx f/u
DEXA scan
spinal stenosis path
canal is narrowed (idiopathic)
spinal stenosis pt
buerning or lightning pain of thighs and buttocks that is worse when upright, better with leaning forward or climbing stairs
spinal stenosis dx
1st: xray
best: MRI
spinal stenosis tx
surgery
spinal stenosis f/u
mimics claudication but has normal ABIs (pseudoclaudication)
NPH path
normal ICP, but hydrocephalus
NPH pt
wet, wobbly, and weird
NPH dx
CT scan = hydrocephalus
LP = no increase ICP, but improvement of sxs
NPH tx
serial LPs or VP shunt
alzheimer’s path
plaques, tangles, chromosome 21
alzheimer’s pt
insidious onset of progressive memory loss
short term first, then long term
sparing of social graces
alzheimer’s dx
clinical
CT scan = cerebral atrophy
alzheimer’s tx
supportive care, family education
anticholinesterase-I = donepezil, tacrine
Alzheimer’s f/u
dies from something else
Pick’s disease path
frontotemporal degeneration
Pick’s disease pt
insidious onset of loss of personality and social graces
sparing of short term memory
pick’s disease dx
clinical
CT scan = frontotemporal degeneration
pick’s disease tx
none, palliative, institutionalized
vascular dementia path
strokes
vascular dementia pt
acute loss of memory or cognition in a step-wise fashion temporarily associated with stroke
vascular dementia dx
CT/MRI = strokes
vascular dementia tx
control risk factors for stroke
Creutzfeldt-Jakob path
prions, spontaneous mutation»_space; meat
creutzfeldt-jakob pt
young, rapid dementia, myoclonus
creutzfeldt-jakob dx
autopsy
creutzfeldt-jakob tx
none, palliative
reversible causes of dementia
B12 deficiency
syphilis
hypothyroid
CKD
tests to r/o reversible causes of dementia
B12 level RPR TSH and T4 BUN/Cr CT/MRI head
coma path
decrease cerebral function (can come back)
toxic, metabolic
coma pt
brain stem reflexes intact
depressed level of consciousness
coma dx
EEG (decrease), reflexes intact, EKG normal
coma tx
‘cocktail’ = naloxone, D50, thiamine
persistent vegetative state path
no cerebral function (never coming back)
persistent vegetative state pt
swallow, eat food, breathe on their own
persistent vegetative state dx
EEG (decreased), reflexes intact, EKG normal
persistent vegetative state tx
institutionalized care ,… peg and trache
brain death path
brainstem and cerebrum are lost
brain death pt
absent brainstem reflexes
brain death dx
two separate physicians assess brainstem reflexes and show absence
trial of breathing without ventilator
brain death tx
this person is dead, withdraw care
locked in path
pontine stroke, intact cerebrum, intact heart, intact brainstem
locked in pt
inability to move any part of their body
disconnect between brain and body
locked in dx
MRI/CTA
locked in tx
institutionalized care
Lambert-Eaton path
paraneoplastic autoimmune disorder
antibodies against presynaptic calcium channels
Lambert-Eaton pt
proximal muscle weakness
- difficulty rising from chair
- difficulty combing hair
Lambert-Eaton dx
1st: antibodies
best: EMG
then: CT chest
Lambert-eaton tx
chemo/surgery
azathioprine
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis path
unknown, superoxide dismutase?
ALS pt
both UMN lesion and LMN lesions
upper = hyperreflexia, positive babinski
lower = atrophy, fasciculation
ALS dx
r/o spinal lesions = XR/CT/MRI
best = EMG
ALS tx
none
‘riluzole’ (if you see this word, it’s ALS)
MS path
autoimmune
demyelinating
MS pt
neuro symptoms separated in both time and space
optic neuritis = blurry vision (painful)
MS dx
1st and best = MRI with periventricular white lesions, demyelinating plaques
MS tx
acute: methylprednisolone x5d
chronic: IFN + glatiramer, fingolimod
symptom control
- urinary retention = bethanechol
- urinary incontinence = amitryptiline
- spasms = baclofen
- neuropathic = gabapentin
myasthenia gravis path
autoimmune
antibodies against ACh-R
myasthenia pt
fatiguability of small muscles
blurry vision, dysphagia worse at end of day
myasthenia dx
1st: antibodies
best: EMG
then: CT chest = thymic mass
myasthenia tx
increase ACh with stigmine (neostigmine)
decrease autoimmune
- steroids >60, thymectomy < 60
- IVIG = plasmapheresis in acute crisis
myasthenia f/u
edrophonium not used anymore
Guillain-barre path
autoimmune
demyelinating
Guillain-barre pt
ascending paralysis following diarrhea or vaccination
hyporeflexia, diaphragmatic paralysis
Guillain-barre dx
1st: do they need intubation? … PFTs
then: LP = lots of protein, few cells
best: nerve conduction
guillain-barre tx
IVIG = plasmapheresis
NEVER steroids